ArticlePsychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)2025
High Out-of-Pocket Cost Burden of Mental Health Care for Adult Outpatients in the United States.
Article in Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effects of exercise training on depression, anxiety, and physical health-related quality of life in end-stage renal disease patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Spending and Affordability of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Other Incretin Mimetics in the United States, 2013-2023.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Using Demand Analysis to Examine Private Practice Mental Health Providers' Decision to Accept Health Insurance.Administration and policy in mental health · 2026Article
- Beyond abstinence: Redefining success in cannabis use disorder treatment.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Out-of-Pocket Costs and Health-Related Social Needs Among Households With Children.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Mental health care utilization among middle-aged and older U.S. adults: Findings from the National Health Interview Survey.PLOS mental health · 2026Article
- Psychedelic-assisted therapy: a survey on the clinical methods of Swiss physicians.Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Assessing the Impact of Psychiatric Deinstitutionalization and Substance Use on Patient Outcomes: A Multi-Faceted Analysis.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis report describes characteristics of patients who had high out-of-pocket (OOP) spending on mental health care relative to income.
methodsA sample of 8,923 U.S. adults with outpatient mental health visits was drawn from the 2018-2021 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Respondents who spent ≥10% of their disposable family incomes on OOP mental health visits were defined as having a high OOP cost burden.
resultsUsing weighted percentages, the authors found that 2.4% of psychiatric outpatients had a high OOP burden; among those below the federal poverty level, 12.8% had a high OOP burden. Patients with a high (vs. low) OOP burden were statistically significantly more likely to be uninsured (7.5% vs. 2.4%) or diagnosed as having a substance use disorder (8.7% vs. 2.8%) or bipolar disorder (14.5% vs. 8.0%).
conclusionsDespite federal policies extending the availability of insurance for mental health care, many low-income psychiatric outpatients experience high OOP cost burden.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.