Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39256058›Full record

ArticleAddiction (Abingdon, England)2025

Detection and quantification of synthetic cannabinoids in seven illicitly sourced disposable vapes submitted by an individual presenting to a UK drug and alcohol service.

Sam Craft, Peter Sunderland, Molly F Millea, Christopher R Pudney, Oliver B Sutcliffe, Tom P Freeman

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Sam CraftAddiction and Mental Health Group, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5663-2731
Peter SunderlandDepartment of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
Molly F MilleaMANchester DRug Analysis and Knowledge Exchange (MANDRAKE), Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
Christopher R PudneyDepartment of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
Oliver B SutcliffeMANchester DRug Analysis and Knowledge Exchange (MANDRAKE), Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
Tom P FreemanAddiction and Mental Health Group, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.

Funding

GW4 BIOMED MRC DTP MR/N0137941/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

aimsIn the United Kingdom and internationally, synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are a common adulterant in illicitly sourced vaping products. Recently, their use is increasingly being linked to severe health effects, particularly among children. Here, we aimed to conduct the first detection and quantification of SCs in illicit disposable vaping products.

methodsA cross-section of seven illicitly sourced disposable vape samples that were initially sold as cannabis products was submitted for analysis by a single individual presenting to a drug and alcohol service in the United Kingdom. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of these samples were conducted using nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography/electron ionization-mass spectrometry.

resultsQualitative analysis identified the SC 5F-MDMB-PICA in all seven samples, in the absence of any other pharmacologically active compounds. Quantitative analysis revealed that the median concentration of 5F-MDMB-PICA was 0.85 mg/ml (range = 0.59-1.63). The external appearance of these vape samples closely resembled regulated vaping products, and the presence of SCs was not identifiable by any labelling or packaging.

conclusionsThe SC 5F-MDMB-PICA was detected at a median concentration of 0.85 mg/ml in seven disposable vapes which were illegally sourced in the United Kingdom, were mis-sold as cannabis products and closely resembled legal, regulated products.

Indexed as

CannabinoidsDesigner DrugsDrug ContaminationElectronic Nicotine Delivery SystemsIllicit DrugsVapingCross-Sectional StudiesGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryHumansUnited KingdomCannabinoidsDesigner DrugsIllicit DrugsCannabisdisposable vapesHHCsemisynthetic cannabinoidssynthetic cannabinoidsTHC‐Ovaping

Identifiers

PMID39256058
PMCPMC11813733

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.