The Genetics of Plant-Plant Interactions and Their Cascading Effects on Agroecosystems-from Model Plants to Applications.

Plants are typically surrounded by neighboring individuals in agricultural fields or natural environments. In such circumstances, plant-plant interactions (PPI) are ubiquitous and represent not only important evolutionary forces but also have consequences on (agro-)ecosystem functioning, such as increased productivity and resistance. However, many mechanisms underlying these PPIs remain poorly understood. Recently, new genomic technologies and tools, such as genome-wide association studies, have facilitated genetic approaches to study PPIs, particularly among conspecific individuals. Here, we highlight emerging issues and advances in the field by focusing on three different aspects. First, we overview the current status of genetic mapping studies on PPIs and pinpoint that these studies open a new opportunity that is relevant to agriculture and breeding. Second, we introduce two proof-of-concept studies in Arabidopsis thaliana, in which genetic differences among plants improved the functioning of genotype mixtures. Both studies were able to predict effective mixtures with different experimental designs applied to different outcomes (productivity increase versus herbivory mitigation). Third, we discuss implications from these case studies about how PPIs have cascading effects that propagate to higher levels of biological organization, such as populations or communities. At the population level, plant yield or resistance can be optimized through breeding that achieves reduced competition or push-pull protection systems, respectively. At the community level, these population-level changes may have further beneficial effects on plant-associated organisms. Overall, we suggest that the increasing availability of genomic resources will improve our understanding of PPIs and thereby contribute to the management of crops or seminatural ecosystems.