ArticleBehavior genetics2024
Do Children Cause the Cognitive Stimulation they Receive? Modelling the Direction of Causality.
Article in Behavior genetics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cognitive ability in childhood predicts adolescent structural and functional brain development: A longitudinal study.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- Are Wednesday's Children Full of Woe? Children's Differences in Personality Are Independent of Day of Birth.Journal of personality · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We tested the directionality of associations between children's early-life cognitive development and the cognitive stimulation that they received from their parents. Our sample included up to 15,314 children from the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS), who were born between 1994 and 1996 in England and Wales and assessed at ages 3 and 4 years on cognitive development and cognitive stimulation, including singing rhymes, reading books, and playing games. Using genetically informative cross-lagged models, we found consistent, bidirectional effects from cognitive development at age 3 to cognitive stimulation at age 4, and from cognitive stimulation at age 3 to cognitive development at age 4. These cross-lagged longitudinal effects were largely explained by underlying common genetic and shared environmental factors, rather than reflecting causal mechanisms. Our findings emphasize the active role that children play in constructing their own learning experiences.
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Registered trials
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