Trial reportThe Journal of infectious diseases2024
Vaginal Bacteria and Proinflammatory Host Immune Mediators as Biomarkers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquisition Risk Among African Women.
Trial report in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effect of menstrual cups on vaginal health, reproductive tract and urogenital infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EBioMedicine · 2026Pooled it
- Vaginal Microbiota and Cytokines Among Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women in Clinical Trials of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring and Oral Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Emtricitabine.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Monodomination as a Predictor for Bacteremia in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- The Impact of the Vaginal Microbiome and Microbial Metabolites on HIV Transmission at the Female Reproductive Tract Epithelial Barrier.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Comparing Asymptomatic Versus Symptomatic Bacterial Vaginosis: Clinical Characteristics, Vaginal Microbiota, and Lactic Acid Profiles.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2026Article
- HIV Transmission and Immunology of the Male Reproductive Tract.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Acute gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease is associated with reductions of secondary bile acids following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- The female microbiome in HIV prevention, pathogenesis, and treatment.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2026Review
- VIRGO2: an enhanced gene catalog of the vaginal microbiome provides insights into its functional and ecology complexity.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Immunohematologic parallels and paradoxes: Africa vs Russia in the HIV era- a narrative review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- Article
- Bacterial Vaginosis Is Associated With Transcriptomic Changes but Not Higher Concentrations of Cervical Leukocytes in a Study of Women at High Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquisition.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Association between changes in genital immune markers and vaginal microbiome transitions in bacterial vaginosis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFew investigations have assessed contributions of both vaginal bacteria and proinflammatory immune mediators to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition risk in a prospective cohort.
methodsWe conducted a nested case-control study of African women who participated in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of daily oral versus vaginal tenofovir-based preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection. Vaginal concentrations of 23 bacterial taxa and 16 immune mediators were measured. Relationships between individual bacterial concentrations or immune mediators and HIV risk were analyzed using generalized estimating equations in a multivariable model. Factor analysis assessed relationships between combinations of bacterial taxa, immune mediators, and HIV acquisition risk.
resultsWe identified 177 HIV pre-seroconversion visits from 150 women who acquired HIV and 531 visits from 436 women who remained HIV uninfected. Fourteen bacterial taxa and 6 proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were individually associated with greater HIV risk after adjusting for confounders. Women with all 14 taxa versus <14 taxa (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.45 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.20-8.98]; P < .001) or all 6 immune mediators versus <6 mediators (aOR, 1.77 [95% CI, 1.24-2.52]; P < .001) had greater risk for HIV acquisition. Factor analysis demonstrated that a bacterial factor comprised of 14 high-risk bacterial taxa (aOR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.27-1.93]; P < 0.001) and the interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (highest quartile: aOR, 3.19 [95% CI, 1.32-7.72]; P = 0.002) contributed to the highest HIV risk.
conclusionsBacterial and host biomarkers for predicting HIV acquisition risk identify women at greatest risk for HIV infection and can focus prevention efforts.
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