ReviewBreast cancer : basic and clinical research2024
Therapeutic Opportunities in Breast Cancer by Targeting Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor as a Pleiotropic Cytokine.
Review in Breast cancer : basic and clinical research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Molecular mechanisms of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in related diseases (Review).Biomedical reports · 2026Review
- Identification of prognostic genes and development of a risk model for pancreatic cancer based on hypoxia- and lipid metabolism-related genes.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- A novel risk model of cholesterol metabolism-related mRNAs for predicting overall survival and immune signature in glioma based on machine learning and multi-omics data.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Targeting macrophage migration inhibitory factor as a potential therapeutic strategy in colorectal cancer.Oncogenesis · 2025Article
- Hypoxia-driven angiogenesis in breast cancer mechanisms and therapeutic targets: a narrative review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- Oxygen deprivation in breast cancer: mechanisms, pathways, and implications.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- Molecular characterization and prognostic modeling associated with M2-like tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer: revealing the immunosuppressive role of DLG3.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and the tumor ecosystem: a tale of inflammation, immune escape, and tumor growth.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Double-Edged Sword Effect of Diet and Nutrition on Carcinogenic Molecular Pathways in Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
As a heterogeneous disease, breast cancer (BC) has been characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of mammary epithelial cells. The tumor microenvironment (TME) also contains inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, the extracellular matrix (ECM), and soluble factors that all promote BC progression. In this sense, the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine and an upstream regulator of the immune response, enhances breast tumorigenesis through escalating cancer cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and stemness, which then brings tumorigenic effects by activating key oncogenic signaling pathways and inducing immunosuppression. Against this background, this review was to summarize the current understanding of the MIF pathogenic mechanisms in cancer, particularly BC, and address the central role of this immunoregulatory cytokine in signaling pathways and breast tumorigenesis. Furthermore, different inhibitors, such as small molecules as well as antibodies (Abs) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) and their anti-tumor effects in BC studies were examined. Small molecules and other therapy target MIF. Considering MIF as a promising therapeutic target, further clinical evaluation of MIF-targeted agents in patients with BC was warranted.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.