ArticleEuropean journal of immunology2024
Testosterone and estradiol reduce inflammation of human macrophages induced by anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG.
Article in European journal of immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The mediating effects of plasma proteome on the association between selenium and systemic lupus erythematosus.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Pooled it
- Serum Peptidomic Analysis in a Comparative Study of the Efficacy of Benjakul Remedy Versus Loratadine in Allergic Rhinitis Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Exploring the inflammatory origins of gouty arthritis: mechanistic studies based on local lesion proteomics and validation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Testosterone and androgen receptor pathway modulation in sepsis: immunometabolic mechanisms and therapeutic implications - a scoping review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgA2 Induces Inflammation by Human Macrophages.European journal of immunology · 2025Article
- Sexual dimorphism-driven differences are overcome in a preclinical vaccine model againstFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The human biological clock and aging-a comprehensive approach integrating reductionism, holism, and geromedicine for proactive healthspan strategies.Frontiers in aging · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Alpha-Synucleinopathies: Potential Links and Underlying Mechanisms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Sex hormone imbalance and rheumatoid arthritis in American men: a cross-sectional analysis from NHANES 2011-2016.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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Abstract
COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, particularly causes severe inflammatory disease in elderly, obese, and male patients. Since both aging and obesity are associated with decreased testosterone and estradiol expression, we hypothesized that decreased hormone levels contribute to excessive inflammation in the context of COVID-19. Previously, we and others have shown that hyperinflammation in severe COVID-19 patients is induced by the production of pathogenic anti-spike IgG antibodies that activate alveolar macrophages. Therefore, we developed an in vitro assay in which we stimulated human macrophages with viral stimuli, anti-spike IgG immune complexes, and different sex hormones. Treatment with levels of testosterone reflecting young adults led to a significant reduction in TNF and IFN-γ production by human macrophages. In addition, estradiol significantly attenuated the production of a very broad panel of cytokines, including TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ. Both testosterone and estradiol reduced the expression of Fc gamma receptors IIa and III, the two main receptors responsible for anti-spike IgG-induced inflammation. Combined, these findings indicate that sex hormones reduce the inflammatory response of human alveolar macrophages to specific COVID-19-associated stimuli, thereby providing a potential immunological mechanism for the development of severe COVID-19 in both older male and female patients.
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