ArticleScience advances2024
Alignment and actuation of liquid crystals via 3D confinement and two-photon laser printing.
Article in Science advances, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Diffusion-guided 4D microprinting of soft microactuators.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Planar and Homeotropic Liquid Crystal Alignment on 3D-Nanoprinted Layers and Microstructures.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026Article
- Holographic Whole-Object Photopolymerization Preserving Director Alignment in Liquid Crystalline Actuators.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- From Millimeters to Microns: A Hybrid Strategy for Reconfigurable Liquid-Crystal Patterning.Small methods · 2026Article
- Three-Dimensional Planar Alignment of Nematic Liquid Crystal by Direct Laser Writing of Nanogratings.ACS photonics · 2025Article
- Spatial Control of Chiral Self-Assembly and Lithographic Applications in Liquid Crystal Polymer Network.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Article
- In Situ Control of Reactive Mesogens Alignment During 3D Printing by Two-Photon Lithography.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Nanoscale 3D printing of glass photonic crystals with near-unity reflectance in the visible spectrum.Science advances · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Liquid crystalline (LC) materials are especially suited for the preparation of active three-dimensional (3D) and 4D microstructures using two-photon laser printing. To achieve the desired actuation, the alignment of the LCs has to be controlled during the printing process. In most cases studied before, the alignment relied on surface modifications and complex alignment patterns and concomitant actuation were not possible. Here, we introduce a strategy for spatially aligning LC domains in three-dimensional space by using 3D-printed polydimethylsiloxane-based microscaffolds as confinement barriers, which induce the desired director field. The director field resulting from the boundary conditions is calculated with Landau de Gennes theory and validated by comparing experimentally measured and theoretically predicted birefringence patterns. We demonstrate our procedures for structures of varying complexity and then employed them to fabricate 4D microstructures that show the desired actuation. Overall, we obtain excellent agreement between theory and experiment. This opens the door for rational design of functional materials for 4D (micro)printing in the future.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.