ArticleSexually transmitted diseases2025
Sexual Violence, Genital Cytokines, and Colposcopy Findings: A Cross-Sectional Study of Women Engaged in Sex Work in Mombasa, Kenya.
Article in Sexually transmitted diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Forced vaginal sex and genital immune correlates of HIV risk: a prospective study of female sex workers in Kenya.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Intimate partner sexual violence is associated with unhealthy alcohol use among Kenyan women engaged in sex work.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSexual violence (SV) increases human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) susceptibility in a sustained manner. This study evaluated genital cytokines and colposcopy findings in women reporting both recent and more remote SV.
methodsA cross-sectional study of HIV-1 negative Kenyan women who engage in sex work was performed. Cervicovaginal fluid was collected by menstrual cup and cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and CXCL10) measured using chemiluminescence. Cervical injury was assessed by colposcopy. Associations between recent (≤30 days prior), more remote (>30 days prior), and no (reference category) SV exposure and cytokine concentrations were evaluated using linear regression.
resultsAmong 282 participants, 25 (8.9%) reported recent SV and 123 (43.6%) reported more remote SV. Only two cytokines (IL-10 and CXCL10) were associated with the 3-category SV variable in bivariable modeling at the prespecified cutoff ( P < 0.2) and carried forward. In multivariable analyses, more remote SV (β = 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06-1.38; P = 0.03), but not recent SV (β = 0.20; 95% CI, -0.99 to 1.39; P = 0.74) was associated with cervicovaginal IL-10 compared with no SV. Recent (β = 0.36; 95% CI, -0.94 to 1.67; P = 0.58) and more remote (β = 0.51; 95% CI, -0.21 to 1.24; P = 0.16) SV were not associated with CXCL10 compared with no SV. Cervical epithelial friability (χ 2 = 1.3, P = 0.51), erythema (χ 2 = 2.9, P = 0.24), vascular disruption (χ 2 = 1.4; P = 0.50), epithelial disruption (χ 2 = 2.6, P = 0.27), or any colposcopy finding (χ 2 = 1.2, P = 0.54) were not associated with SV category by χ 2 test.
conclusionsThe mechanism linking SV to sustained increases in HIV susceptibility may not be related to persistent genital inflammation or injury.
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