ArticleThe Journal of pediatrics2025
Associations between Parenting and Cognitive and Language Abilities at 2 Years of Age Depend on Prenatal Exposure to Disadvantage.
Article in The Journal of pediatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Examining Associations Between the Timing of Maternal Depressive Symptoms, Parenting Behaviors, and Child Outcomes.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2026Article
- Neonatal brain structure, cognitively stimulating parenting and behavioural outcomes in preschool children with congenital heart disease and controls.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Neonatal Brain Volumes and Early Parenting Behavior as Mediators in Associations Between Prenatal Social Disadvantage and Socioemotional Problems in Toddlers.Biological psychiatry · 2026Article
- Social Determinants of Health, the developing brain, and risk and resilience for psychopathology.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Toward Understanding and Halting Legacies of Trauma.Biological psychiatry · 2025Review
- Neurodevelopmental challenges at age four following fetal exposure to maternal opioid maintenance treatment.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Prenatal Adversity and Neonatal White Matter Microstructure Independently Relate to Language Outcomes at Age 2 Years.The Journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate whether parenting or neonatal brain volumes mediate associations between prenatal social disadvantage (PSD) and cognitive/language abilities and whether these mechanisms vary by level of disadvantage. STUDY
designPregnant women were recruited prospectively from obstetric clinics in St Louis, Missouri. PSD encompassed access to social (eg, education) and material (eg, income to needs, health insurance, area deprivation, and nutrition) resources during pregnancy. Neonates underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. Mother-child dyads (n = 202) returned at age 1 year for parenting observations and at age 2 years for cognition/language assessments (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition). Generalized additive and mediation models tested hypotheses.
resultsGreater PSD associated nonlinearly with poorer cognitive/language scores. Associations between parenting and cognition/language were moderated by disadvantage, such that supportive and nonsupportive parenting behaviors related only to cognition/language in children with lesser PSD. Parenting mediation effects differed by level of disadvantage: both supportive and nonsupportive parenting mediated PSD-cognition/language associations in children with lesser disadvantage, but not in children with greater disadvantage. PSD-associated reductions in neonatal subcortical grey matter (β = 0.19; q = 0.03), white matter (β = 0.23; q = 0.02), and total brain volume (β = 0.18; q = 0.03) were associated with lower cognition, but did not mediate the associations between PSD and cognition.
conclusionsParenting moderates and mediates associations between PSD and early cognition and language, but only in families with less social disadvantage. These findings, although correlational, suggest that there may be a critical threshold of disadvantage, below which mediating or moderating factors become less effective, highlighting the importance of reducing disadvantage as primary prevention.
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