Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39232801›Full record

ArticleThe international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity2024

Children's Health in London and Luton (CHILL) cohort: a 12-month natural experimental study of the effects of the Ultra Low Emission Zone on children's travel to school.

Christina Xiao, James Scales, Jasmine Chavda, Rosamund E Dove, Ivelina Tsocheva, Helen E Wood, Harpal Kalsi, Luke Sartori, Grainne Colligan, Jessica Moon and 17 more

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In one paragraph

Article in The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

27 authors.

Christina XiaoMRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 285, Cambridge, UK.
James ScalesCentre for Primary Care, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Jasmine ChavdaAsthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Edinburgh, UK.
Rosamund E DoveCentre for Primary Care, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Ivelina TsochevaAsthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Edinburgh, UK.
Helen E WoodCentre for Primary Care, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Harpal KalsiCentre for Primary Care, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Luke SartoriCentre for Primary Care, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Grainne ColliganCentre for Primary Care, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Jessica MoonCentre of the Cell, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Esther LieCentre of the Cell, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Kristian PetrovicCentre of the Cell, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Bill DayAsthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Edinburgh, UK.
Cheryll HowettAsthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Edinburgh, UK.
Amanda KeighleyAsthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Edinburgh, UK.
Borislava MihaylovaCentre for Primary Care, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Veronica ToffoluttiAsthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Edinburgh, UK.
Jonathan GriggBlizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Gurch RandhawaAsthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Edinburgh, UK.
Aziz SheikhAsthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Edinburgh, UK.
Monica FletcherAsthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Edinburgh, UK.
Ian MudwayMRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Sean BeeversMRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
W James GaudermanKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
Christopher J Griffiths *Centre for Primary Care, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Esther van Sluijs *MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 285, Cambridge, UK.
Jenna Panter *MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 285, Cambridge, UK. jenna.panter@mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk.ORCID 0000-0001-8870-718X

Funding

Medical Research Council MC_UU_12015/6Medical Research Council MC_UU_12015/7Medical Research Council Unit Programme number MC_UU_00006/7National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology NIHR203330National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health 2019-2024National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health MR/S0196669/1National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research Programme 16/139/01
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe Ultra-Low Emission Zone (ULEZ), introduced in Central London in April 2019, aims to enhance air quality and improve public health. The Children's Health in London and Luton (CHILL) study evaluates the impact of the ULEZ on children's health. This analysis focuses on the one-year impacts on the shift towards active travel to school.

methodsCHILL is a prospective parallel cohort study of ethnically diverse children, aged 6-9 years attending 84 primary schools within or with catchment areas encompassing London's ULEZ (intervention) and Luton (non-intervention area). Baseline (2018/19) and one-year follow-up (2019/20) data were collected at school visits from 1992 (58%) children who reported their mode of travel to school 'today' (day of assessment). Multilevel logistic regressions were performed to analyse associations between the introduction of the ULEZ and the likelihood of switching from inactive to active travel modes, and vice-versa. Interactions between intervention group status and pre-specified effect modifiers were also explored.

resultsAmong children who took inactive modes at baseline, 42% of children in London and 20% of children in Luton switched to active modes. For children taking active modes at baseline, 5% of children in London and 21% of children in Luton switched to inactive modes. Relative to the children in Luton, children in London were more likely to have switched from inactive to active modes (OR 3.64, 95% CI 1.21-10.92). Children in the intervention group were also less likely to switch from active to inactive modes (OR 0.11, 0.05-0.24). Moderator analyses showed that children living further from school were more likely to switch from inactive to active modes (OR 6.06,1.87-19.68) compared to those living closer (OR 1.43, 0.27-7.54).

conclusionsImplementation of clean air zones can increase uptake of active travel to school and was particularly associated with more sustainable and active travel in children living further from school.

Indexed as

Child HealthSchoolsAir PollutionChildExerciseFemaleHumansLondonMaleProspective StudiesWalkingActive travelChildren’s healthClean air zonesHealth policyNatural experiment

Identifiers

PMID39232801
PMCPMC11375866

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.