Trial reportFrontiers in immunology2024
Immunogenicity and safety of different combinations involving a third booster dose of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine, inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine, and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in adults aged ≥60 years: a phase 4, randomized, open-label study.
Trial report in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05298800 (Clinical Observation of Combined Immunization of COVID-19 Inactivated Vaccine With Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine), which is not on this map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Clinical Observation of Combined Immunization of COVID-19 Inactivated Vaccine With Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine(QIV) and 23-valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immunogenicity and Safety of the COVID-19 Messenger RNA Vaccine Coadministered With Influenza and 23-valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccines.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Vaccination Against Respiratory Infections in Adults with Cancer: A Concise Guide for Clinicians.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Exploratory evidence of mitigated immune imprinting following concomitant COVID-19 and influenza vaccination.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Cross-reactivity IgG, viral load, severity and vaccination outcome as an approach for understanding humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Concomitant administration of COVID-19, influenza, and pneumococcal vaccines could reduce the burden on healthcare systems. However, the immunogenicity and safety of various combinations of a third booster dose of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac), inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4), and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23), particularly in different age groups, is still unknown. Methods: A phase 4, randomized, open-label, controlled trial was conducted in Beijing, China. 636 healthy adults were divided into two age groups (18-59 and ≥60 years) and randomized equally into three groups: CoronaVac and IIV4 followed by PPV23; CoronaVac and PPV23 followed by IIV4; or CoronaVac followed by IIV4 and PPV23, with a 28-day interval between vaccinations. Immunogenicity was evaluated by measuring antibody titers, and safety was monitored. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05298800. Results: Co-administration of a third dose of CoronaVac, IIV4, and PPV23 in any combination was safe. Among adults aged 18-59, co-administration with PPV23 maintained non-inferiority of antibody levels for CoronaVac and IIV4, despite a slight reduction in antibody responses. This reduction was not observed in participants ≥60 years. Furthermore, co-administration of IIV4 and PPV23 affected seroconversion rates for both vaccines. Conclusions: Co-administration of the third dose of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine with the influenza vaccine, followed by PPV23, may be optimal for adults aged 18-59. In adults ≥60, all vaccine combinations were immunogenic, suggesting a flexible vaccination approach. Since antibody measurements were taken 28 days post-vaccination, ongoing surveillance is essential to assess the longevity of the immune responses.
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