ArticleBMC pulmonary medicine2024
The association between testosterone, estradiol, estrogen sulfotransferase and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study.
Article in BMC pulmonary medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Risk factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an umbrella review of meta-analyses and mendelian randomization analyses.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Destroyed Lungs and Surgical Management.Pulmonary therapy · 2026Review
- Evidence for genetic association between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Sjögren's syndrome: a two-sample bidirectional mendelian randomization study.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Why males scar more: hormonal and chromosomal clues to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe causal relationships between testosterone, estradiol, estrogen sulfotransferase, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are not well understood. This study employs a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) approach to explore these associations.
methodsAll genetic data utilized in our study were obtained from the IEU Open GWAS project. For the MR analysis, we employed the inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, and weighted median methods to assess the causal relationships. We also conducted a multivariate MR (MVMR) analysis, with adjustments made for smoking. To ensure the robustness of our findings, sensitivity analyses were conducted using Cochran's Q test, MR-Egger regression, the MR-PRESSO global test, and the leave-one-out method.
resultsGenetically predicted increases in serum testosterone levels by one standard deviation were associated with a 58.7% decrease in the risk of developing IPF (OR = 0.413, P
conclusionsIncreased serum levels of testosterone are associated with a reduced risk of IPF, while increased levels of serum estrogen sulfotransferase are associated with an increased risk. No causal relationship was found between estradiol and the development of IPF. No causal relationship was identified between IPF and testosterone, estradiol, or estrogen sulfotransferase.
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