Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39227548›Full record

ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2025

"Life as We Knew It": Continued Challenges in Getting Up-to-Date COVID-19 Vaccinations Amongst Black and Latinx Michigan Residents.

Fernanda L Cross, Ana Patricia Esqueda, C P Ku, Rebecca Hunt, Joel Lucio, Charles E Williams, Sarah Bailey, Susie Williamson, Erica E Marsh, Kenneth Resnicow

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Fernanda L CrossSchool of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. flcross@umich.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-0770-9464
Ana Patricia EsquedaDepartment of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
C P KuDepartment of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Rebecca HuntMichigan Institute for Clinical & Health Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Joel LucioSchool of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Charles E WilliamsSchool of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Sarah BaileyBridges Into the Future, Flint, MI, USA.
Susie WilliamsonCorewell Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
Erica E MarshDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Kenneth ResnicowDepartment of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Funding

ACTIV Integration of Host-targeting Therapies for COVID-19 Administrative Coordinating CenterOT2HL156812 · NHLBI · RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE · PI NOLEN, TRACY L, THOMAS, SONIA M · 2020 to 2024
$1270.7M
Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research (MICHR)UM1TR004404 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI Julie C Lumeng · 2023 to 2026
$39.8M
Community-Centered Interventions for Improved Vaccine Uptake for COVID (CIVIC)R01MD016867 · NIMHD · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI MARSH, ERICA E, RESNICOW, KEN A. · 2021 to 2025
$3.4M
NCATS NIH HHS UM1TR004404NHLBI NIH HHS 1 OT2 HL 156812NIMHD NIH HHS R01MD016867
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMinority communities are disproportionately impacted by COVID-19. In Michigan in 2024, 59% of Latinx residents, 46% of Black residents, and 57% of White residents have received at least one dose of the vaccine. However, just 7% of Black residents and 6% of Latinx residents report being up-to-date per CDC definition, versus 13% of White residents. Drawing from protection motivation theory, we aimed to identify barriers to COVID-19 vaccination.

methodsInterviews with 24 Black and 10 Latinx Michigan residents self-reported as not up-to-date (n = 15) or up-to-date (n = 19) on COVID-19 vaccines were conducted in 2022-2023. We used a community-based participatory approach in collaboration with 16 leaders from 15 organizations to develop research questions, interview protocols, and methods for data collection and analysis. Thematic coding of interviews was conducted.

resultsFindings indicate participants' lack of confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine's efficacy, with those not up-to-date expressing greater doubt. Participants were also concerned about vaccine benefits versus risks, safety, and side effects. Distrust in medicine, confusion about public health guidelines, and conspiracy theories were often reported. Younger unvaccinated individuals cited low health risk as reason to remain unvaccinated. Many participants felt that health education, especially through medical professionals, was beneficial.

conclusionThere is great need for more data to make informed decisions given ongoing lack of understanding of the public health benefits of COVID-19 vaccination. Identifying drivers of vaccine uptake, particularly boosters, in communities of color and developing age-appropriate and culturally responsive interventions to increase vaccination rates are of utmost importance.

Indexed as

Black or African AmericanCOVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesHispanic or LatinoVaccinationAdultAgedFemaleHumansInterviews as TopicMaleMichiganMiddle AgedWhiteYoung AdultCOVID-19 VaccinesBlackBoosterCOVID-19 vaccineLatinosVaccine uptake

Identifiers

PMID39227548

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.