Niche construction and niche choice by aphids infesting wheat ears.

The niche of aphids is largely defined by their consumption of plant phloem sap and its composition, including nutrients and specialized metabolites. Niche construction is the change of the environment by organisms, which may influence the fitness of these organisms and their offspring. To better understand interactions between plants and aphids, it is necessary to investigate whether aphids modify the chemical composition of the phloem sap of their host plants and whether conspecifics are affected by previous infestation. In the current study, ears of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants were infested with clonal lineages of the English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) or were left uninfested. The metabolic composition of ear phloem sap exudates was analyzed through amino acid profiling and metabolic fingerprinting. Aphids of the clonal lineages were either put on previously aphid-infested or on uninfested ears and their colony sizes followed over time. Furthermore, it was investigated whether aphids choose one treatment group over another. Sitobion avenae infestation affected the relative concentrations of some metabolites in the phloem exudates of the ears. Compared to uninfested plants, the relative concentration of asparagine was higher after aphid infestation. Colonies grew significantly larger on previously aphid-infested ears, which the aphids also clearly chose in the choice experiment. The pronounced positive effect of previous infestation on aphid colonies indicates niche construction, while the choice of these constructed niches reveals niche choice by S. avenae on wheat. The interplay between these different niche realization processes highlights the complexity of interactions between aphids and their hosts.