ArticleOphthalmology and therapy2024
Overview of 37 Tear Substitutes in Europe Based on Various Physicochemical Parameters.
Article in Ophthalmology and therapy, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Management of Dry Eye Disease with Artificial Tears Containing Hyaluronic Acid and Trehalose: A Narrative Review.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionDry eye disease (DED) is one of the most prevalent eye conditions worldwide, with artificial tears serving as a primary treatment option. Despite their wide availability on the European market, there is a lack of established classifications based on their physicochemical properties. The aim of our study was therefore (i) to develop an analytical method that measures the concentration and the molecular weight (MW) of the hyaluronic acid (HA) in commercialized products, and (ii) to propose an overview based on their various physicochemical parameters.
methodsThe intrinsic viscosity and MW of the HA, as well as osmolarity, pH, rheological profile, and viscosity, were measured or determined. A specific method was developed to measure the average intrinsic viscosity and HA content using a liquid size-exclusion chromatography system. The MW was determined using the Mark-Houwink equation.
resultsThirty-seven products commercialized in Europe were analyzed, with 21 of them containing HA. The HA MW was lowest (300 kDa) for Thealose
conclusionWhile the perfect eye drop does not exist, a multitude of options are available to choose from. This study improves our understanding of the major tear substitutes available on the European market based on several physicochemical properties. A better understanding and awareness of these parameters is crucial in order to offer the best treatment for patients with DED.
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