ArticleHeliyon2024
Global epidemiological trends in the incidence and deaths of acute respiratory infections from 1990 to 2021.
Article in Heliyon, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Acute Respiratory Infections Hospitalizations and In-Hospital Mortality in Ecuador: Differences in Patterns Between Pediatric and Adult Populations.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- [Disease burden and risk factors of myocarditis among children and adolescents aged 0-19 years in China from 1990 to 2021 and projection of future disease burden trends].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2026Article
- In Vitro Effects of the Three Actives IL-12 (5 CH), IFN-γ (6 CH), and TNF-α (5 CH) from the Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine 2LEID-NCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Health Care Providers' Perspectives on Early Warning Systems for Acute Respiratory Infections in Canada: Qualitative Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Article
- Oral lactoferrin reduces systemic inflammation, enhances anti-viral responses and modulates immune cell profiles: a randomised controlled trial in healthy, older adults.The British journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Comparative Diagnostic Performance of the 36-Minute STANDARD M10 Fast Assay for Molecular Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A and B, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Near-Patient Settings.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Regional variations and determinants of acute respiratory infection in Ethiopian children under five years: a multilevel analysis.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
- Streamlining protocols for the establishment of a physical biobank of respiratory viruses in the Philippines.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children in Pudong, Shanghai: analysis of seven respiratory test results from 2018 to 2023.Virology journal · 2026Article
- A single-center, two-year, retrospective study of epidemiological characteristics of respiratory tract infections in Changzhou, China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Molecular characterization of enteroviruses in patients with acute respiratory infection and influenza-like illness in the Central African Republic revealed mainly polioviruses and other enteric enterovirus types.Access microbiology · 2026Article
- Direct medical costs of respiratory infections in adults: A multicenter retrospective analysis in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam.PloS one · 2026Article
- Epidemiology, Distinct Seasonal Dynamics, and Age-Specific Characteristics of Eight Respiratory Viruses in Thailand, 2025.Journal of tropical medicine · 2026Article
- Seasonal Pattern and Age-Specific Detection of Eight Respiratory Viruses Causing Acute Respiratory Infection in 2024, Bangkok, Thailand.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Article
- Scar wars: the viral menace.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2025Review
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Epidemiology and Clinical Burden in High-Risk and ≥ 50-Year-Old Adults in Low- to Middle-Income Countries: An Artificial-Intelligence-Enabled Systematic Literature Review.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Article
- Analysis of disease burden and trends in non-COVID-19 respiratory infections in China (1990-2021).BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Risk of Incidence and Lethality by Etiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Hospitalized Children Under 1 Year of Age in Brazil in 2024: A Cross-Sectional Study.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Impact of temperature variations on burden of lower respiratory infections under climate change (1990-2021).BMC public health · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the global epidemiological trends in the incidence and deaths of acute respiratory infections (ARIs), encompassing both upper respiratory infections (URIs) and lower respiratory infections (LRIs), from 1990 to 2021. Using data from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021 (GBD 2021), we utilized the average annual percentage change (AAPC) to examine the trends in the age-standardized incidence rate and deaths rate (ASIR and ASDRs) of URIs and LRIs. In 2021, the global ASIR of URIs and LRIs were 166,770.73 (95 % UI: 148,098.16-189,487.93) per 100,000 and 4283.61 (95 % UI: 4057.03-4524.89) per 100,000, respectively. The highest ASIR of URIs occurred in high-sociodemographic index (SDI) regions (232744.64, 95 % UI: 206887.07-261694.81) per 100,000, whereas LRIs occurred in low-SDI regions (9261.1, 95 % UI: 8741.61-9820.86) per 100,000. In 2021, the global ASDRs of URIs and LRIs were 0.28 (95 % UI: 0.09-0.61) per 100,000 and 28.67 (95 % UI: 25.92-31.07) per 100,000, respectively. The highest ASDRs of both URIs and LRIs were observed in low-SDI regions, with 1.1 (95 % UI: 0.08-2.78) per 100,000 and 70.68 (95 % UI: 62.56-78.62) per 100,000, respectively. From 1990 to 2021, the global ASIR for URIs and LRIs decreased, with AAPCs of -0.17 % (95 % CI: 0.17 % to -0.16 %) and -1.28 % (95 % CI: -1.37 % to -1.22 %), respectively. The global ASDRs also decreased (-3.39 % for URIs; -2.46 % for LRIs). However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the ASIR of URIs increased in many countries, especially in high-SDI regions (rate difference before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in ASIR was 2210.19 per 100,000.) and low-SDI regions (rate difference in ASIR: 111.26 per 100,000). The global incidence and deaths related to ARIs have decreased over the past 32 years. However, it remains a significant public health concern, particularly due to the notable incidence of URIs in high SDI regions and the deaths associated with both URIs and LRIs in low SDI regions. Furthermore, an increase in the incidence of URIs was observed in both high- and low-SDI regions during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the need for increased attention.
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