Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39222199›Full record

ArticlePhotochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology2024

On the glow of cremated remains: long-lived green photo-luminescence of heat-treated human bones.

Emma Schut, Ronald M P Breedijk, Michiel F Hilbers, Mark A Hink, Tristan Krap, Maurice C G Aalders, René M Williams

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Article in Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. The ATTO 565 Dye and Its Applications in Microscopy.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Emma SchutMolecular Photonics Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Ronald M P BreedijkMolecular Cytology (MC), van LeeuwenHoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy (LCAM), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 1212, 1000 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Michiel F HilbersMolecular Photonics Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Mark A HinkMolecular Cytology (MC), van LeeuwenHoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy (LCAM), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 1212, 1000 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Tristan KrapDepartment of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Maurice C G AaldersDepartment of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
René M WilliamsMolecular Photonics Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. r.m.williams@uva.nl.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9490-6182

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The long-lived green luminescence of human bone (that has been heated to 600 °C for a short duration) is attributed to a carbon quantum dot material (derived from collagen) encapsulated and protected by an inorganic matrix (derived from bone apatite) and is more intense in dense rigid and crystalline parts of (healthy) human bones. The strong collagen-apatite interaction results (upon decomposition) in a protective inorganic environment of the luminescent centers allowing long-lived triplet-based emission of a carbon (quantum) dot-like material at room temperature, as well as resilience against oxidation between 550 and 650 °C. The graphitic black phase (obtained upon heating around 400 °C) is a precursor to the luminescent carbon-based material, that is strongly interacting with the crystalline inorganic matrix. Human bone samples that have been heated to 600 °C were subjected to steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy. Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) luminescence spectroscopy revealed a broad range of excitation and emission wavelengths, indicating a heterogeneous system with a broad density of emissive states. The effect of low temperature on the heat-treated bone was studied with Cryogenic Steady State Luminescence Spectroscopy. Cooling the bone to 80 K leads to a slight increase in total emission intensity as well as an intensity increase towards to red part of the spectrum, incompatible with a defect state model displaying luminescent charge recombination in the inorganic matrix. Time-resolved spectroscopy with an Optical Multichannel Analyzer (OMA) and Time Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) of these samples showed that the decay could be fitted with a multi-exponential decay model as well as with second-order decay kinetics. Confocal Microscopy revealed distinct (plywood type) structures in the bone and high intensity-fast decay areas as well as a spatially heterogeneous distribution of green and (fewer) red emissive species. The use of the ATTO 565 dye aided in bone-structure visualization by chemical adsorption. Conceptually our data interpretation corresponds to previous reports from the material science field on luminescent powders.

Indexed as

Bone and BonesHot TemperatureLuminescenceCollagenCremationHumansLuminescent MeasurementsQuantum DotsCollagenBioapatiteCarbon dotPhosphorescenceQuantum dotTemperature effectTriplet state

Identifiers

PMID39222199

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.