ReviewExperimental & molecular medicine2024
Harnessing IL-2 for immunotherapy against cancer and chronic infection: a historical perspective and emerging trends.
Review in Experimental & molecular medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effects of moxibustion therapies on immune function in cancer animal models: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Tertiary lymphoid structures guided opportunities and challenges for immunotherapy in early gastroesophageal junction cancer and low rectal cancer.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Review
- PD-1-targeted IL-15 mutein activates CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in infection and cancer.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Application of NanoString Technologies in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Essential Thrombocythemia, Primary Myelofibrosis, and Polycythemia Vera: A Pilot Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Targeting the HMGB1-IL32 pathway to alleviate T cell exhaustion in epithelial ovarian cancer.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Pertussis toxin-induced lymphocytosis shifts the tumor microenvironment toward immune activation via CXCL9 signaling.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Cytokines and cancer-associated fibroblasts.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Programmed Cell Death Protein 1-Interleukin-2 Bispecific Agents for Cancer Therapy.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- Natural and Engineered Cytokines as Cancer Therapeutics.Annual review of cancer biology · 2026Article
- Reframing IL-27: a central regulator of CD8Trends in immunology · 2026Review
- Tumor-specific cytokine therapy mediated by engineered Salmonella with a synthetic protein delivery system.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Enhancing cancer classification accuracy with a self-attention network using panel capture sequencing data.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment shape pancreatic cancer unresponsive to current immunotherapies.World journal of clinical oncology · 2026Review
- Non-specific Protein and Peptide Antibacterial Factors of Mammals.The protein journal · 2026Review
- Advances in IL-2 Family Cytokine-Based Cancer Therapies: Overcoming Challenges Through Molecular Engineering and Delivery Strategies.Immune network · 2026Review
- Development and preclinical evaluation of ovNDV-28: a chimeric Newcastle disease virus expressing human IL-2 for cancer therapy.Cancer gene therapy · 2026Article
- Immunogenicity Management Strategies for PEGylated Drug Delivery Systems.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- The role of programmed cell death 1 in autoimmune diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Combining lenalidomide with IL-2 family of cytokines enhances activating receptor and perforin/granzyme expression in NK cells.PloS one · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
IL-2 therapy, which enhances the function of CD8 + T cells, was initially employed as the cornerstone of immunotherapy against cancer. However, the impact of this therapy extends beyond CD8 + T cells to cells expressing IL-2R, such as endothelial cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), resulting in various side effects. Consequently, IL-2 therapy has taken a step back from the forefront of treatment. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies and CTLA-4 antibodies, are used because of their durable therapeutic responses and the reduced incidence of side effects. Nevertheless, only a small fraction of cancer patients respond to ICIs, and research on IL-2 as a combination treatment to improve the efficacy of these ICIs is ongoing. To mitigate side effects, efforts have focused on developing IL-2 variants that do not strongly bind to cells expressing IL-2Rα and favor signaling through IL-2Rβγ. However, recent studies have suggested that, in the context of persistent antigen stimulation models, effective stimulation of antigen-specific exhausted CD8 + T cells in combination with PD-1 inhibitors requires either 1) binding to IL-2Rα or 2) delivery via a fusion with PD-1. This review explores the historical context of IL-2 as an immunotherapeutic agent and discusses future directions for its use in cancer immunotherapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.