SynthesisAging2024
A systematic review of phenotypic and epigenetic clocks used for aging and mortality quantification in humans.
Synthesis in Aging, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trial
- [Biological age in orthopedics : Importance, assessment, and clinical recommendations].Orthopadie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- p16GeroScience · 2026Article
- Article
- Residential exposure to deadly gun violence and accelerated biological aging in a national sample of U.S. adolescents.SSM - population health · 2026Article
- Frequent Sweetened Beverage Consumption Is Associated With Accelerated Biological Aging: Evidence From a Population-Based Study and Gut Microbiota Analysis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Natural-Product-Derived Antioxidants and DNA Methylation-Based Epigenetic Aging: A Systematic Review of Human Intervention Studies.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Integrating biological aging into clinical practice: a review and path forward for precision longevity medicine.GeroScience · 2026Review
- Towards Metabolomics-Guided Healthy and Anti-Aging Nutrition.Metabolites · 2026Article
- Cross-sectional evaluation of cardiovascular biological age using point-of-care ultrasound.European heart journal. Digital health · 2026Article
- Exploring the ALS Multistep Model.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Acute biological age as a determinant of adverse outcomes requiring hospitalization in Danish emergency department patients.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Deep learning predicts onset acceleration of 38 age-associated diseases from blood and body composition biomarkers in the UK Biobank.GeroScience · 2026Article
- HIV associated epigenetic trends and chronic diseases: insights into the hidden burden of chronic infection.Clinical epigenetics · 2026Review
- Towards a personalized perspective on gliomas: an epigenetic-immuno-inflammatory aging framework.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Association of Epigenetic Aging Biomarkers With Risk of MASLD-Related HCC.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2026Article
- The role of stress proliferation in linking childhood stressors to accelerated biological aging.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Drugs and Healthy Aging.Drugs & aging · 2025Review
- Article
- Quantification of Epigenetic Aging in Public Health.Annual review of public health · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Aging is the leading driver of disease in humans and has profound impacts on mortality. Biological clocks are used to measure the aging process in the hopes of identifying possible interventions. Biological clocks may be categorized as phenotypic or epigenetic, where phenotypic clocks use easily measurable clinical biomarkers and epigenetic clocks use cellular methylation data. In recent years, methylation clocks have attained phenomenal performance when predicting chronological age and have been linked to various age-related diseases. Additionally, phenotypic clocks have been proven to be able to predict mortality better than chronological age, providing intracellular insights into the aging process. This review aimed to systematically survey all proposed epigenetic and phenotypic clocks to date, excluding mitotic clocks (i.e., cancer risk clocks) and those that were modeled using non-human samples. We reported the predictive performance of 33 clocks and outlined the statistical or machine learning techniques used. We also reported the most influential clinical measurements used in the included phenotypic clocks. Our findings provide a systematic reporting of the last decade of biological clock research and indicate possible avenues for future research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.