ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2025
Gynecomastia and Its Management In Boys With Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome.
Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Management of gynecomastia in adolescence and adults: the clinical practice guidelines from the Italian Society of Andrology and Sexual Medicine (SIAMS).Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Guideline
- Central precocious puberty in partial androgen insensitivity syndrome: a 9-year follow-up.JCEM case reports · 2026Article
- Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome presenting with bilateral adnexal masses and mixed gonadal histopathology.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2026Article
- Androgen receptor mutations in familial androgen insensitivity syndrome: A metabolic reprogramming pathway to type 2 diabetes susceptibility.World journal of diabetes · 2025Review
- Differences of sex development.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
21 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionPartial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) is a rare condition that is reported to be commonly associated with gynecomastia in males.
objectivesTo assess the management of gynecomastia in male PAIS. MATERIALS AND
methodsRetrospective review of males with PAIS over the age of 10 years in the I-DSD registry.
resultsOf the 205 eligible cases, information was available for 57 from 13 centers. An androgen receptor gene variant was confirmed in 45 (79%) with a median age at first presentation of 1.0 year (range 0.1, 26.0). Of the 45 genetically confirmed cases, gynecomastia was present in 41 (91%) with a median age at the time of gynecomastia development of 13.5 years (11.0, 29.0). In the other 4 (9%) with no gynecomastia, the median age at last assessment was 15.7 years (10.6, 17.0). In 30 cases with information available, micropenis was present at the time of gynecomastia development in 23 (77%). Of the 35 with information available, 2 (6%) exhibited spontaneous resolution between the ages of 15 and 21 years and 25 (71%) had breast surgery at a median age of 15.7 years (14.0, 23.0). Of these 25, 9 (26%) had previously received medical therapy. The median clinician score of effectiveness for medical therapy was 3 (1, 8) compared to 10 (3, 10) for surgery (P < .0001). In 31 with information available, 13 (42%) had received psychology support.
conclusionGynecomastia is common in PAIS but not universal. Surgical management may be more effective than medical therapy, but there is a need for further standardized and systematic studies.
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