ReviewMetabolic brain disease2024
Infection, inflammation and hepatic encephalopathy from a clinical perspective.
Review in Metabolic brain disease, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- The effect of a plant- and dairy-based protein diet on serum levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with liver cirrhosis: a randomized controlled trial.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Trial
- The role of systemic inflammation in hepatic encephalopathy: advances in inflammatory mechanisms, prevention and treatment research.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Hepatology: Emerging Paradigms in MASLD, Viral Hepatitis, Cholestatic Liver Disease, Portal Hypertension and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Summary of the First Annual Paris International Liver Meeting 2026.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2026Review
- Covert hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis: implications for early diagnosis and appropriate management.Clinical journal of gastroenterology · 2026Review
- Splenic Macrophage Activation and Disordered Heme-Iron Metabolism in a Mouse Model of Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Adiponectin Inhibits Oxidative Stress and Tight Junction Protein Loss: Evidence from a Hepatic Encephalopathy Mouse Model and Brain Endothelial Cells.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Gut microbiome and bile acid metabolism in liver disease: Mechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic opportunities.Pharmacological reviews · 2026Review
- Mechanistic insights into the liver-brain axis during chronic liver disease.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- Pretreatment of trans-ferulic acid improved neurotoxicity in a thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy rat model; participation of the MAPK/NF-κb signaling pathway.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Continuation of sedative infusions during palliative extubation for refractory status epilepticus in hepatic encephalopathy: A case report.SAGE open medical case reports · 2026Article
- Extracorporeal hemoperfusion as an adjunctive therapy for liver failure.Journal of artificial organs : the official journal of the Japanese Society for Artificial Organs · 2025Article
- Article
- Drug Utilization of Rifaximin-α in Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy: Evidence from Real Clinical Practice in Italy.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Ammonia-triggered disintegration of kappa-carrageenan hydrogel carrier for site-specific anti-inflammatory drug delivery.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Gut microbiome and its metabolites in liver cirrhosis: mechanisms and clinical implications.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a syndrome that is associated with both acute and chronic liver injury. It manifests as a wide spectrum of neuropsychological abnormalities, ranging from subtle impairments in executive higher functions observed in cirrhosis, through to coma in acute liver failure. In acute liver failure, the central role of ammonia in the development of brain oedema has remained undisputed for 130 years. It latterly became apparent that infection and inflammation were profound determinants for the development of severe hepatic encephalopathy, associated with the development of cerebral oedema and intracranial hypertension. The relationship of the development of hepatic encephalopathy with blood ammonia levels in cirrhosis is less clear cut and the synergistic interplay of inflammation and infection with ammonia has been identified as being fundamental in the development and progression of hepatic encephalopathy. A perturbed gut microbiome and the presence of an impaired gut epithelial barrier that facilitates translocation of bacteria and bacterial degradation products into the systemic circulation, inducing systemic inflammation and innate and adaptive immune dysfunction, has now become the focus of therapies that treat hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis, and may explain why the prebiotic lactulose and rifaximin are efficacious. This review summarises the current clinical perspective on the roles of inflammation and infection in hepatic encephalopathy and presents the evidence base for existing therapies and those in development in the setting of acute and chronic liver failure.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.