ReviewSeminars in immunopathology2024
The fetal programming effect of maternal immune activation (MIA) on the offspring's immune system.
Review in Seminars in immunopathology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Plasticity of the infant immune system during the perinatal period.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Immune development in early life.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Maternal Microbiome in Fetal Programming: A One Health Perspective on Translational Implications for Early-Life Health.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Impact of prenatal LPS on sepsis-related neurobiological outcomes.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Article
- Effects of Exposure to Extreme Artificial Light at Night on Liver Oxidative Damage and Gut Microbiota During Pregnancy and Lactation in Mice.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Metabolomics Highlights Reduced Glutamate and Acetylcarnitine in the Amniotic Fluid of Cytomegalovirus-Infected Pregnant Women.Journal of proteome research · 2026Article
- Fetal developmental trajectories following maternal immune activation are shaped by sex chromosome-gonadal interactions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- In-utero exposure to chikungunya and child morbimortality: a population-based study using linked routine data.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Maternal immune activation during gestation modulates offspring immune profiles in a nonhuman primate model.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- The epigenetic-immune-microbiome axis in early life: reprogramming the origins and endotypes of pediatric asthma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- A comparative study of the impact of maternal immune activation and valproic acid on autism-like behavior in rats.Translational neuroscience · 2026Article
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: The Associations of Prenatal Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination With Child Neurodevelopment.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2025Review
- Altered milk tryptophan and tryptophan metabolites in women living with HIV.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children Born to Mothers Infected with SARS-CoV-2 During Pregnancy: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Beclin 1 prevents ISG15-mediated cytokine storms to secure fetal hematopoiesis and survival.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The first 1000 days of life is a critical period of development in which adverse circumstances can have long-term consequences for the child's health. Maternal immune activation is associated with increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the child. Aberrant immune responses have been reported in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, lasting effects of maternal immune activation on the offspring's immune system have been reported. Taken together, this indicates that the effect of maternal immune activation is not limited to the central nervous system. Here, we explore the impact of maternal immune activation on the immune system of the offspring. We first describe the development of the immune system and provide an overview of reported alterations in the cytokine profiles, immune cell profiles, immune cell function, and immune induction in pre-clinical models. Additionally, we highlight recent research on the impact of maternal COVID-19 exposure on the neonatal immune system and the potential health consequences for the child. Our review shows that maternal immune activation alters the offspring's immune system under certain conditions, but the reported effects are conflicting and inconsistent. In general, epigenetic modifications are considered the mechanism for fetal programming. The available data was insufficient to identify specific pathways that may contribute to immune programming. As a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, more research now focuses on the possible health effects of maternal immune activation on the offspring. Future research addressing the offspring's immune response to maternal immune activation can elucidate specific pathways that contribute to fetal immune programming and the long-term health effects for the offspring.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.