ArticleBirth defects research2024
Maternal Exposure to Tap Water Disinfection By-Products and Risk of Selected Congenital Heart Defects.
Article in Birth defects research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Risks of Birth Defects Following In Utero Exposures to Unregulated Brominated Haloacetic Acids.Birth defects research · 2025Article
- Systemic Inflammation Mediates the Association Between Blood Trihalomethane Concentrations and Cardiovascular Disease in U.S. Individuals Over 45: Insights from NHANES 2005-2012.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2025Article
- Developmental Toxicity of Disinfection Byproducts in F344 Rats: Effects on Pregnancy Maintenance and Eye Development.Birth defects research · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe use of chlorine to treat drinking water produces disinfection by-products (DBPs), which have been associated with congenital heart defects (CHDs) in some studies.
methodsUsing National Birth Defects Prevention Study data, we linked geocoded residential addresses to public water supply measurement data for DBPs. Self-reported water consumption and filtration methods were used to estimate maternal ingestion of DBPs. We estimated adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using logistic regression controlling for maternal age, education, body mass index (BMI), race/ethnicity, and study site to examine associations between CHDs and both household DBP level and estimated ingestion of DBPs.
resultsHousehold DBP exposure was assessed for 2717 participants (1495 cases and 1222 controls). We observed a broad range of positive, null, and negative estimates across eight specific CHDs and two summary exposures (trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids) plus nine individual DBP species. Examining ingestion exposure among 2488 participants (1347 cases, 1141 controls) produced similarly inconsistent results.
conclusionsAssessing both household DBP level and estimated ingestion of DBPs, we did not find strong evidence of an association between CHDs and DBPs. Despite a large study population, DBP measurements were available for less than half of participant addresses, limiting study power.
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