ArticleInternational journal of biometeorology2024
Development, validation and reliability of scales and items for heat wave risk assessment of pregnant women.
Article in International journal of biometeorology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Factors that influence the adoption of heat-health protective actions during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study conducted in San Antonio, Texas, United States, in 2024.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- 'Too much, too little' - heat wave impact during pregnancy and the need for adaptation measures.Global health action · 2025Article
- The relationship between prenatal heat exposure and birth outcomes: How much does the heat metric matter?PloS one · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe 1.2 °C rise of global ambient temperature since the pre-industrial era has led to an increase the intensity and frequency of heatwaves. Given the heightened vulnerability of pregnant women to heat stress, there is an urgent need for tools which accurately assess the knowledge, risk, and perception of pregnant woman toward heatwaves, enabling effective policy actions. In this research, we developed and validated tools to evaluate pregnant women's perceptions of heat wave risks and behaviors.
methodWe developed 50 items across seven constructs using the Health Belief Model, identified through a systematic literature review. The constructs comprised 8 Knowledge(K) items, 4 in Perceived Vulnerability (PV), 5 in Perceived Severity (PS), 6 in Perceived Benefit (PB), 4 in Perceived Barrier (PBa), 5 in Cue to Action(Cu) and 18 in Adaptation(A). Cognitive testing was performed with a separate group of pregnant women(n = 20). The tested tools were then administered to 120 pregnant women residing during the spring-summer 2023. Construct validation utilized exploratory factor analysis.
resultsThe Principal Axis Factoring Method was employed in the EFA with oblimin rotation for 51 items, considering communality > 0.20, and aiming to extract three factors. Across the three factors with Cronbach's alpha > 0.70, a total of 11 items were distributed. Factor 1 included Perceived Severity (PS1, PS2, PS3 and PS5); Factor 2 included Cue to Action (Cu1, Cu2, Cu3, and Cu4); and Factor 3 encompassed Perceived Vulnerability (PV1, PV2, PV4). Only two of the retained items had factor loadings > 0.50, namely PV4 and PS5. Consequently, the three constructs measuring Perceived Severity, Cues to Action, and Perceived Vulnerability using the HBM among pregnant women were deemed valid.
conclusionOur study has successfully validated a highly reliable tool which stands ready for application in assessing pregnant women's risk perception regarding heatwaves.
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