Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39198907›Full record

ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2025

A minimal nontrivial example of higher-order evidence.

Stephen R Cole, Bonnie E Shook-Sa, Paul N Zivich, Jessie K Edwards

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Stephen R ColeDepartment of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
Bonnie E Shook-SaDepartment of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
Paul N ZivichDepartment of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
Jessie K EdwardsDepartment of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.

Funding

Improved analysis of experiments and observational studies in HIVR01AI157758 · NIAID · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI Stephen R Cole, Jessie Edwards · 2020 to 2026
$5.0M
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases R01AI157758NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI157758
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Higher-order evidence (ie, evidence about evidence) allows epidemiologists and other health data scientists to account for measurement error in validation data. Here, to illustrate the use of higher-order evidence, we provide a minimal nontrivial example of estimating the proportion and show how higher-order evidence can be used to construct sensitivity analyses. The proposed method provides a flexible approach to account for multiple levels of distortion in the results of epidemiologic studies.

Indexed as

Epidemiologic StudiesBiasData Interpretation, StatisticalHumansModels, Statisticalbiasmeasurement errorrandom errorsystematic error

Identifiers

PMID39198907
PMCPMC11980778

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.