ArticleJAMA2024
Characterizing Long COVID in Children and Adolescents.
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Article in JAMA, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers.
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67citing papers in PubMed
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed.
- Management of long COVID-19 in children and adolescents: from diagnosis to therapeutically approaches.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Long COVID-19 in Hospitalized and Ambulatory Children in Jamaica.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2026Observational
- Risk Factors of COVID-19 Severity and Related Death in Children in the Post-Pandemic Era.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Mental and physical health differences between youth infected and uninfected by SARS-CoV-2: data from 2021 to 2023.Journal of pediatric psychology · 2026Observational
- The ABCD Study at 10: The NIH perspective on progress, impact, and the road ahead.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- A call to educate: counteracting enacted stigma in children with long COVID.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Multimorbidity patterns and phenotype transitions in patients with clinician-coded long COVID: a multicenter US electronic health record cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- School Difficulties and Long COVID in Children and Adolescents.Academic pediatrics · 2026Observational
- A controlled longitudinal study clarifies the contours of pediatric long COVID.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Persistent prostaglandin E2 upregulation and hormonal multi-resistance: A hypothesis for long COVID.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- Experiences of stigma in children with long COVID.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 outcomes study (PECOS): 12-month longitudinal analysis of post-COVID symptoms in infected versus uninfected participants.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- The next phase in Long COVID research: addressing the ethical challenges in trials of disease-modifying treatments.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Review
- Intrauterine SARS-CoV-2 Exposure and Infant Neurodevelopment through 18 Months of Age: Findings from the Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Pregnancy Study.The Journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Pediatric long COVID is characterized by myeloid CCR6 suppression and immune dysregulation.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Interdisciplinary Pediatric Long-COVID Care: A Descriptive Study of Interventions and Health-Related Quality of Life.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Post-Acute Dyslipidemia and Abnormal Body Mass Index in Children and Adolescents with COVID-19: A Cohort Study from the RECOVER Initiative.The Journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Severe acute COVID-19 and early long COVID signals in paediatric cohorts: an analysis of real-world data from two health departments, Germany.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Critical Evaluation of the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Child Health and Wellbeing and Suggested Preparedness for Future Pandemics-A Narrative Review.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Phenotyping Pediatric Long COVID: Symptom Clusters from a Longitudinal Multicenter Italian Cohort.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
145 authors.
Rachel S GrossDivision of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York.
Tanayott ThaweethaiDepartment of Biostatistics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
Lawrence C KleinmanDivision of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Jessica N SnowdenDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock.
Erika B RosenzweigDivision of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.
Joshua D MilnerDivision of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.
Kelan G TantisiraDivision of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California.
Kyung E RheeDivision of Child and Community Health, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California.
Terry L JerniganDepartments of Cognitive Science, Psychiatry, and Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California.
Patricia A KinserSchool of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
Amy L SalisburySchool of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
David WarburtonDivision of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Sindhu MohandasDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
John C WoodDivision of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Jane W NewburgerDepartment of Cardiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Dongngan T TruongDivision of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City.
Valerie J FlahermanDivision of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco.
Torri D MetzDivision of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City.
Elizabeth W KarlsonDivision of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
Lori B ChibnikDivision of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
Deepti B PantDepartment of Biostatistics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
Aparna KrishnamoorthyDepartment of Biostatistics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
Richard GallagherDivision of Child Study Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York.
Michelle F Lamendola-EsselDepartment of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York.
Denise C HassonDivision of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York.
Stuart D KatzDivision of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York.
Shonna YinDivision of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York.
Benard P DreyerDivision of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York.
Megan CarmilaniRECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, New York.
K CoombsRECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, New York.
Megan L FitzgeraldRECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, New York.
Nick GütheRECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, New York.
Mady HornigRECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, New York.
Rebecca J LettsRECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, New York.
Aimee K PeddieRECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, New York.
Brittany D TaylorRECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, New York.
Venkataraman BalaramanDepartment of Pediatrics, Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women and Children, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Amanda BogieDepartment of Pediatrics, Oklahoma University Health Science Center, Oklahoma City.
Hulya BukulmezDivision of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio.
Allen J DozorDivision of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Health Physicians, New York Medical College, Valhalla.
Daniel EckrichDepartment of Biomedical Research Informatics Center, Nemours Children's Hospital Delaware, Wilmington.
Amy J ElliottAvera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
Danielle N EvansDivision of Research, Department of Research Administration, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock.
Jonathan S FarkasDepartment of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City Health and Hospitals Bellevue, New York.
E Vincent S FaustinoDepartment of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Laura FischerPediatric Research Office, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha.
Sunanda GaurDivision of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Ashraf S HarahshehDivision of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Hospital, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC.
Uzma N HasanDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey.
Daniel S HsiaDepartment of Clinical Trials Unit, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Gredia Huerta-MontañezDivision of Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
Kathy D HummelDivision of Research, Department of Research Administration, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock.
Matt P KadishDivision of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque.
David C KaelberDepartments of Pediatrics, Internal Medicine, and Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio.
Sankaran KrishnanDivision of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Health Physicians, New York Medical College, Valhalla.
Jessica S KosutDepartment of Pediatrics, Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women and Children, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Jerry LarrabeeDivision of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque.
Peter Paul C LimDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls.
Ian C MichelowDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Hartford.
Carlos R OliveiraDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Hengameh RaissyDivision of Pulmonary, Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque.
Zaira Rosario-PabonDivision of Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
Judith L RossDivision of Pediatrics Administration, Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Nemours Children's Hospital Delaware, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Alice I SatoDivision of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha.
Michelle D StevensonDivision of Norton Children's Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.
Maria M Talavera-BarberDepartment of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls.
Ronald J TeufelDepartment of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.
Kathryn E WeakleyDivision of Norton Children's Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.
Emily ZimmermanDivision of Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats, Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
Marie-Abele C BindDivision of Biostatistics, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
James ChanDepartment of Biostatistics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
Zoe GuanDepartment of Biostatistics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
Richard E MorseDepartment of Biostatistics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
Harrison T ReederDepartment of Biostatistics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
Natascha AkshoomoffDepartment of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California.
Judy L AschnerCenter for Discovery and Innovation, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey.
Rakesh BhattacharjeeDivision of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California.
Lesley A CottrellDepartment of Pediatrics, West Virginia University, Morgantown.
Kelly CowanDivision of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont, Burlington.
Viren A D'SaDepartment of Developmental Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence.
Alexander G FiksDivision of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Maria L GennaroPublic Health Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.
Katherine IrbyDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock.
Manaswitha KhareDivision of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California.
Jeremy Landeo GuttierrezDivision of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California.
Russell J McCullohDivision of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha.
Shalu NarangCooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey.
Manette Ness-CochinwalaNicklaus Children's Hospital, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Miami, Florida.
Sheila NolanDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Health Physicians, New York Medical College, Valhalla.
Paul PalumboDivisions of Infectious Disease and International Health, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
Julie RyuDivision of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California.
Juan C SalazarDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Hartford.
Rangaraj SelvaranganDepartment of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri.
Cheryl R SteinDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York.
Alan WerzbergerDepartment of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Best Healthcare Inc, Monroe, New York.
William T ZempskyDepartment of Pediatrics, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Hartford.
Robin AupperleLaureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Fiona C BakerCenter for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California.
Marie T BanichInstitute of Cognitive Science and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder.
Deanna M BarchDepartments of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Psychiatry, and Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri.
Arielle Baskin-SommersDepartment of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
James M BjorkInstitute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
Susan Y BookheimerDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles.
Sandra A BrownDepartment of Psychology and Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California.
B J CaseyDepartment of Psychology, Barnard College - Columbia University, New York, New York.
Linda ChangDepartment of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore.
Duncan B ClarkDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Anders M DaleDepartments of Neurosciences, Radiology, and Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California.
Mirella DaprettoDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles.
Thomas M ErnstDepartment of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore.
Damien A FairInstitute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Oregon Health & Science University, Minneapolis.
Sarah W Feldstein EwingDepartment of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston.
John J FoxeDeptartment of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York.
Edward G FreedmanDeptartment of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York.
Naomi P FriedmanInstitute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder.
Hugh GaravanDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington.
Dylan G GeeDepartment of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
Raul GonzalezDepartment of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami.
Kevin M GrayDivision of Addiction Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.
Mary M HeitzegDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Megan M HertingDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles.
Joanna JacobusDepartment of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California.
Angela R LairdDepartment of Physics, Florida International University, Miami.
Christine L LarsonDepartment of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
Krista M LisdahlDepartment of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
Monica LucianaDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Beatriz LunaDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Pamela A F MaddenDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri.
Erin C McGladeDepartments of Psychiatry and Veteran Affairs, MIRECC, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City.
Eva M Müller-OehringCenter for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California.
Bonnie J NagelDepartment of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.
Michael C NealeVirginia Institute for Psychiatric & Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
Martin P PaulusLaureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Alexandra S PotterDivision of Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington.
Perry F RenshawDepartments of Psychiatry and Veteran Affairs, MIRECC, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City.
Elizabeth R SowellDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles.
Lindsay M SquegliaDivision of Addiction Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.
Susan TapertDepartment of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California.
Lucina Q UddinDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles.
Sylia WilsonInstitute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Deborah A Yurgelun-ToddDepartments of Psychiatry and Veteran Affairs, MIRECC, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City.
Andrea S FoulkesDivision of Biostatistics, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
Melissa S StockwellDivision of Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.
RECOVER-Pediatrics Consortium
RECOVER-Pediatrics Group Authors
Funding
Interactive Data Portals and Robust Analytic Tools to Wrap PASC Cohorts (iDRAW) OTA-21-015AOT2HL161841 · NHLBI · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI FOULKES, ANDREA S, KARLSON, ELIZABETH W · 2021 to 2024
$182.2MYale Clinical and Translational Science Award (U Component)UL1TR001863 · NCATS · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI John H. Krystal, LUCILA OHNO-MACHADO · 2016 to 2026
$102.9MABCD-USA Consortium: Coordinating CenterU24DA041147 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI SANDRA A BROWN, TERRY L. JERNIGAN · 2015 to 2026
$54.7MAdolescent Substance Use Initiation: Disentangling neurocognitive risks from consequences using longitudinal and genetically-informed methodsU01DA041120 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI Monica Luciana, Sylia Wilson · 2015 to 2026
$34.5MFIU-ABCD: Pathways and Mechanisms to Addiction in the Latino Youth of South FloridaU01DA041156 · NIDA · FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY · PI Raul Gonzalez, Angela R Laird · 2015 to 2026
$22.8MAdolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Prospective Research in Studies of Maturation (PRISM) ConsortiumU01DA041117 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE · PI LINDA CHANG, THOMAS M ERNST · 2015 to 2026
$19.5MInterpretable Deep Forecasting of Hazardous Substance Use during High SchoolR01DA057567 · NIDA · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Kilian Maria Pohl, Susan F. Tapert · 2022 to 2026
$2.3MStatistical Methods in COVID-19/PASC Clinical ResearchR01HL162373 · NHLBI · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI Andrea S Foulkes · 2023 to 2026
$1.7MClinical Epidemiology of Pediatric COVID-19 and MIS-CK23AI159518 · NIAID · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI OLIVEIRA, CARLOS RAFAEL · 2021 to 2024
$729kNCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001863NHLBI NIH HHS OT2 HL161841NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL162373NIAID NIH HHS K23 AI159518NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA057567NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041117NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041120NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041156NIDA NIH HHS U24 DA041147
Abstract
Importance: Most research to understand postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), or long COVID, has focused on adults, with less known about this complex condition in children. Research is needed to characterize pediatric PASC to enable studies of underlying mechanisms that will guide future treatment. Objective: To identify the most common prolonged symptoms experienced by children (aged 6 to 17 years) after SARS-CoV-2 infection, how these symptoms differ by age (school-age [6-11 years] vs adolescents [12-17 years]), how they cluster into distinct phenotypes, and what symptoms in combination could be used as an empirically derived index to assist researchers to study the likely presence of PASC. Design, Setting, and Participants: Multicenter longitudinal observational cohort study with participants recruited from more than 60 US health care and community settings between March 2022 and December 2023, including school-age children and adolescents with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection history. Exposure: SARS-CoV-2 infection. Main Outcomes and Measures: PASC and 89 prolonged symptoms across 9 symptom domains. Results: A total of 898 school-age children (751 with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection [referred to as infected] and 147 without [referred to as uninfected]; mean age, 8.6 years; 49% female; 11% were Black or African American, 34% were Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish, and 60% were White) and 4469 adolescents (3109 infected and 1360 uninfected; mean age, 14.8 years; 48% female; 13% were Black or African American, 21% were Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish, and 73% were White) were included. Median time between first infection and symptom survey was 506 days for school-age children and 556 days for adolescents. In models adjusted for sex and race and ethnicity, 14 symptoms in both school-age children and adolescents were more common in those with SARS-CoV-2 infection history compared with those without infection history, with 4 additional symptoms in school-age children only and 3 in adolescents only. These symptoms affected almost every organ system. Combinations of symptoms most associated with infection history were identified to form a PASC research index for each age group; these indices correlated with poorer overall health and quality of life. The index emphasizes neurocognitive, pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms in school-age children but change or loss in smell or taste, pain, and fatigue/malaise-related symptoms in adolescents. Clustering analyses identified 4 PASC symptom phenotypes in school-age children and 3 in adolescents. Conclusions and Relevance: This study developed research indices for characterizing PASC in children and adolescents. Symptom patterns were similar but distinguishable between the 2 groups, highlighting the importance of characterizing PASC separately for these age ranges.
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