SynthesisToxins2024
A Systematic Review of Uremic Toxin Concentrations and Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease.
Synthesis in Toxins, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- An Integrated Therapeutic Strategy for Cardiorenal Syndrome to Target Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Fibrosis.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Development of an interpretable machine learning model for predicting new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: A retrospective cohort study.Science progress · 2026Article
- A Clinical Prediction Score for Intradialytic Hypotension Among Hospitalized Patients with Acute Kidney Injury.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Redox-Driven Precision Medicine for Life-Course Prevention of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can lead to cardiac dysfunction in a condition known as cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). It is postulated that the accumulation of uremic toxins in the bloodstream, as a consequence of declining kidney function, may contribute to these adverse cardiac effects. While CRS in adults has been extensively studied, there is a significant knowledge gap with pediatric patients. Uremic toxin levels in children remain inadequately characterized and quantified compared to adults. This review aims to systematically evaluate the association between uremic toxin concentrations and cardiac changes in pediatric CRS and to examine the impact of different dialysis modalities, specifically hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, on uremic toxin clearance and cardiovascular parameters. To address this, we conducted a systematic literature search of PubMed, following PRISMA guidelines. We used the terms "uremic toxins" and "cardiorenal syndrome" with variations in syntax to search for studies discussing the relationship between uremic toxin levels in CKD, the subsequent impact on cardiac parameters, and the emergence of cardiac dysfunction. Full-text articles written in English, conducted on humans aged from birth to 18 years, and published until December 2021 were included. A comprehensive literature search yielded six studies, and their risk of bias was assessed using JBI Critical Appraisal Checklists. Our systematic review is registered on PROSPERO, number CRD42023460072. This synthesis intends to provide an understanding of the role of uremic toxins in pediatric CRS. The findings reveal that pediatric patients with end-stage CKD on dialysis exhibit elevated uremic toxin levels, which are significantly associated with cardiovascular disease parameters. Additionally, the severity of CKD correlated with higher uremic toxin levels. No conclusive evidence was found to support the superiority of either hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis in terms of uremic toxin clearance or cardiovascular outcomes. More pediatric-specific standardized and longitudinal studies are needed to develop targeted treatments and improve clinical outcomes and the quality of life for affected children.
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