ArticlePediatric research2025
Survey of vitamin D supplementation practices in extremely preterm infants.
Article in Pediatric research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Early phosphorus management practices for very low birth weight infants: A survey of U.S. NICUs.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Vitamin D status and response to supplementation in very preterm infants: A prospective cohort study.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Observational
- Modalities of Vitamin D Administration to Preterm Infants: Impact on 25 OH Vitamin D Levels.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2026Article
- Enteral nutritional practices in extremely preterm infants: a survey of U.S. NICUs.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMost extremely preterm (EP) infants are vitamin D deficient (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels below 20 ng/mL), and optimal supplementation practices for EP infants remain unknown. Our objective is to assess current vitamin D supplementation practices in U.S. neonatal intensive care units (NICU) for EP infants to provide baseline information for the design of future clinical trials.
methodsWe conducted an online survey to study vitamin D intake and supplementation practices in U.S. NICUs caring for EP infants. Descriptive statistics compared responses by affiliation and level of care.
resultsWe analyzed responses from 253 NICUs, representing the majority of academic and level IV centers. Nearly all centers (97%) provided enteral vitamin D supplementation during the NICU stay, with 400 IU/day as the most common dosage (77%). Over half (56%) used feeding volume to initiate supplementation, with 71% of centers starting after achieving at least 120 ml/kg/day. Additionally, 94% of NICUs reported prescribing a vitamin D supplementation at discharge.
conclusionsMost NICUs in the U.S. supplement EP infants with 400 IU/day of enteral vitamin D. Clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation comparing the most common regimen to earlier and higher doses are needed to identify adequate regimens for EP infants. IMPACT: Despite the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in extremely preterm (EP) infants at birth, optimal levels and supplementation strategies remain debated. Recent studies have suggested benefits of early high-dose vitamin D supplementation (800 IU/day) for reducing complications like bronchopulmonary dysplasia, infections, and disability. There is US center variation in timing and dose of vitamin D supplementation, being the most common regimen 400 IU/d started after established feedings (≥120 ml/kg/day). These findings inform and highlight the need for clinical trials of usual vs. early, higher-dose vitamin D supplementation to advance clinical outcomes and define desirable blood levels of EP infants.
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