ArticleNature communications2024
Innate immune responses against mRNA vaccine promote cellular immunity through IFN-β at the injection site.
Article in Nature communications, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Rhabdomyolysis Reported in Association with SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Pooled it
- Novel lipid nanoparticle in a mRNA cancer vaccine drives tumor control via type I IFNs and effector CD8Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- KAT6A inhibitor-loaded and anti-PD-L1-coated manganese metal-organic framework nanoplatform for enhanced colorectal cancer immunotherapy via cGAS-STING activation.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Review
- Bioengineering strategies for improving the immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- mRNA lipid nanoparticle vaccines: current status, challenges and future prospects.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Timing-Dependent Immunostimulatory Activity of Human IFN-β mRNA in Primary Human Myeloid Cells.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Cancer Vaccine Development: Toward Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Personalized Cell Membrane Nanovaccine.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Review
- Review
- Self-Cooperative RNA Vaccine Mitigates Dendritic Cell-Mediated Acquired Immune Resistance to Potentiate Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Article
- Pulmonary mRNA-LNP vaccines for rapid and durable protection against bacterial infection.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Next-generation mRNA vaccines: strategies to overcome stability challenges.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Programming the immunological properties of mRNA vaccines for cancer.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- A protocol for computational design of mRNA vaccines with high functionality and specificity.Biology direct · 2026Article
- Review
- Immune Roles of Canonically Non-Immune Cells in Biomaterials Response.Cell biomaterials · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and vaccine-related proteins in mice and humans.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- LNP-based delivery of a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist elicits potent adjuvant effects and antitumor immunity.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Engineering MnPt Bimetallic Nanozymes for Cascade Enzymatic Therapy and Enhanced Radio-Immunotherapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have revolutionized vaccine development, but their immunological mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we investigate injection site responses of mRNA vaccines by generating a comprehensive single-cell transcriptome profile upon lipid nanoparticle (LNP) or LNP-mRNA challenge in female BALB/c mice. We show that LNP-induced stromal pro-inflammatory responses and mRNA-elicited type I interferon responses dominate the initial injection site responses. By tracking the fate of delivered mRNA, we discover that injection site fibroblasts are highly enriched with the delivered mRNA and that they express IFN-β specifically in response to the mRNA component, not to the LNP component of mRNA vaccines. Moreover, the mRNA-LNP, but not LNP alone, induces migratory dendritic cells highly expressing IFN-stimulated genes (mDC_ISGs) at the injection site and draining lymph nodes. When co-injected with LNP-subunit vaccine, IFN-β induces mDC_ISGs at the injection site, and importantly, it substantially enhances antigen-specific cellular immune responses. Furthermore, blocking IFN-β signaling at the injection site significantly decreases mRNA vaccine-induced cellular immune responses. Collectively, these data highlight the importance of injection site fibroblasts and IFN-β signaling during early immune responses against the mRNA vaccine and provide detailed information on the initial chain of immune reactions elicited by mRNA vaccine injection.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.