ArticleArtificial organs2025
Ghost cells as a two-phase blood analog fluid: high-volume and high-concentration production.
Article in Artificial organs, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Shear-Responsive Red Blood Cell Carriers for Targeted Drug Delivery to Constricted Arteries.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- From Early Models to Emerging Trends: The Evolution of Computational Hemolysis Prediction.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Review
- Ghost Cells as a Two-Phase Blood Analog Fluid -Fluorescent Mechanical Hemolysis Detection.Artificial organs · 2025Article
- Ghost Cells as a Two-Phase Blood Analog Fluid-Optical Thrombus Growth Detection Using Particle Image Velocimetry.Artificial organs · 2025Article
- Ghost cells as a two-phase blood analog fluid: high-volume and high-concentration production.Artificial organs · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHemolysis in mechanical circulatory support systems is currently determined quantitatively. To also locally resolve hemolysis, we are developing a fluorescent hemolysis detection method. This requires a translucent two-phase blood analog fluid combined with particle image velocimetry, an optical flow field measurement. The blood analog fluid is composed of red blood cell surrogates. However, producing surrogates in sufficient volume is a challenge. We therefore present a high-volume and high-concentration production for our surrogates: ghost cells, hemoglobin-depleted erythrocytes.
methodsIn the ghost cell production, the hemoglobin is removed by a repeated controlled osmolar lysis. We have varied the solution mixture, centrifugation time, and centrifugation force in order to increase production efficiency. The production is characterized by measurements of output volume, hematocrit, transparency, and rheology of the blood analog fluid.
resultsThe volume of produced ghost cells was significantly increased, and reproducibility was improved. An average production of 389 mL of ghost cells were achieved per day. Those ghost cells diluted in plasma have a rheology similar to blood while being permeable to light.
conclusionThe volume of ghost cells produced is sufficient for optical measurements as particle image velocimetry in mechanical circulatory support systems. This makes further work on experimental measurements for a locally resolved hemolysis detection possible.
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