ArticleNature medicine2024
Brain clocks capture diversity and disparities in aging and dementia across geographically diverse populations.
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Article in Nature medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 102 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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102citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
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Who cites it
102 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Sex differences in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review of two decades of neuroimaging research.The British journal of radiology · 2026Pooled it
- Trial
- Speech clocks decode dementia phenotypes, social exposome, and biological aging.Science advances · 2026Article
- Integration of functional magnetic resonance imaging and artificial intelligence in Alzheimer's disease.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Sex-specific aging clocks from a large-scale human phenome reveal distinct aging transitions and circulating signatures.Nature aging · 2026Article
- Genetic-exposome interactions and aging clocks in dementia: the ReDLat2 initiative.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Generalizability of EEG-Based DEMENTIA Classifiers: A Multicenter study of Alzheimer's, MCI, and FTD.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Biological aging clocks in health and disease.Nature medicine · 2026Review
- Reply to "Shifting the emphasis of brain health literacy from individuals to systems to reduce inequalities".Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Artificial Intelligence That Changes Clinical Neurology Practice: Translating Algorithms Into Actionable Care.Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) · 2026Review
- Linking the exposome to the brain-behaviour phenotype.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2026Review
- Metabolomic signatures of brain aging: A multimodal and genetic study.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- A multi-modal foundation model for brain disease diagnosis and medical imaging.Patterns (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Social vulnerability shapes deep clinical phenotypes and brain health in aging and dementia across Latin America.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Source-space EEG alpha activity reveals brain age gaps due to neurodegeneration and disparity.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Aging beyond diagnosis: the MRI brain age gap across disorders.GeroScience · 2026Review
- Exposure to negative physical and social factors accelerates brain aging.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Global Socioeconomic Context and Brain Ageing in Epilepsy: an ENIGMA-Epilepsy study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- The exposome of brain aging across 34 countries.Nature medicine · 2026Article
42 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
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Authors and funding
75 authors.
Sebastian Moguilner *Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
Sandra Baez *Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia.
Hernan HernandezLatin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0597-6059
Joaquín MigeotLatin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
Agustina LegazLatin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
Raul Gonzalez-GomezLatin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2341-011X
Francesca R FarinaGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Pavel PradoEscuela de Fonoaudiología, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago de Chile, Chile.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1324-6400
Jhosmary CuadrosLatin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
Enzo TagliazucchiLatin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
Florencia AltschulerCognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Marcelo Adrián MaitoLatin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
María E GodoyLatin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
Josephine CruzatLatin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
Pedro A Valdes-SosaThe Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Sciences Institute, University of Electronic Sciences and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5485-2661
Francisco LoperaGrupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (GNA), University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
John Fredy Ochoa-GómezGrupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (GNA), University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
Alfredis Gonzalez HernandezDepartment of Psychology, Master Program of Clinical Neuropsychology, Universidad Surcolombiana Neiva, Neiva, Colombia.
Jasmin Bonilla-SantosDepartment of Psychology, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Arauca, Colombia.
Rodrigo A Gonzalez-MontealegreNeurocognition and Psychophysiology Laboratory, Universidad Surcolombiana, Neiva, Colombia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1805-5766
Renato AnghinahReference Center of Behavioural Disturbances and Dementia, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Luís E d'Almeida ManfrinatiReference Center of Behavioural Disturbances and Dementia, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Sol FittipaldiLatin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
Vicente MedelLatin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
Daniela OlivaresLatin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
Görsev G YenerFaculty of Medicine, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-4387
Javier EscuderoSchool of Engineering, Institute for Imaging, Data and Communications, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2105-8725
Claudio BabiloniDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology 'V. Erspamer', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Robert WhelanGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Bahar GüntekinDepartment of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Institute, Istanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey.
Harun YırıkoğullarıDepartment of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Institute, Istanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey.
Hernando Santamaria-GarciaPontificia Universidad Javeriana (PhD Program in Neuroscience), Bogotá, Colombia.
Alberto Fernández LucasDepartamento de Medicina Legal, Psiquiatría y Patología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
David HuepeCenter for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.
Gaetano Di CaterinaDepartment of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
Marcio Soto-AñariUniversidad Católica San Pablo, Arequipa, Peru.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9121-3284
Agustina BirbaLatin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
Agustin Sainz-BallesterosLatin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
Carlos Coronel-OliverosLatin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
Amanuel YigezuThe University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB), Santa Barbara, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2792-2163
Eduar HerreraDepartamento de Estudios Psicológicos, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9409-245X
Daniel AbasoloCentre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4268-2885
Kerry KilbornSchool of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Nicolás RubidoInstitute for Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0616-2479
Ruaridh A ClarkCentre for Signal and Image Processing, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4601-2085
Ruben HerzogLatin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-5819
Deniz YerlikayaDepartment of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey.
Kun HuHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Mario A ParraDepartment of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
Pablo ReyesPontificia Universidad Javeriana (PhD Program in Neuroscience), Bogotá, Colombia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6705-7157
Adolfo M GarcíaCognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Diana L MatallanaPontificia Universidad Javeriana (PhD Program in Neuroscience), Bogotá, Colombia.
José Alberto Avila-FunesDepartment of Geriatrics, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0033-5508
Andrea SlachevskyMemory and Neuropsychiatric Center (CMYN), Neurology Department, Hospital del Salvador and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
María I BehrensNeurology and Psychiatry Department, Clínica Alemana-Universidad Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0964-426X
Nilton CustodioServicio de Neurología, Instituto Peruano de Neurociencias, Lima, Perú.
Juan F CardonaFacultad de Psicología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
Pablo BarttfeldCognitive Science Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), CONICET UNC, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
Ignacio L BruscoCentro de Neuropsiquiatría y Neurología de la Conducta (CENECON), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Martín A BrunoInstituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad Catoóica de Cuyo, San Juan, Argentina.
Ana L Sosa OrtizInstituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia MVS, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
Stefanie D Pina-EscuderoGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Leonel T TakadaCognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0121-9253
Elisa ResendeUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Katherine L PossinGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Maira Okada de OliveiraGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Alejandro Lopez-ValdesGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5568-9808
Brian LawlorGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Ian H RobertsonGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8637-561X
Kenneth S KosikDivision of the Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3224-5179
Claudia Duran-AniotzLatin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
Victor ValcourGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Jennifer S YokoyamaGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7274-2634
Bruce MillerGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Agustin IbanezLatin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile. agustin.ibanez@gbhi.org.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6758-5101
Funding
TDP-43 Loss-of-Function: Biology to BiomarkersP01AG019724 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI Jennifer Merrilees · 2002 to 2026
$67.2MResearch Education ComponentP30AG062422 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Katherine P Rankin · 2019 to 2026
$36.9MAn automated machine learning approach to language changes in Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia across Latino and English-speaking populationsR01AG075775 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI MARIA LUISA GORNO TEMPINI, Adolfo Martin Garcia · 2023 to 2026
$7.2MUS-South American Initiative for Genetic-Neural-Behavioral Interactions in Human Neurodegenerative ResearchR01AG057234 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Claudia Duran-Aniotz, Agustin M. Ibanez · 2019 to 2026
$6.1MCircadian Disturbance and Dementia in Latin AmericaR01AG083799 · NIA · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI Kun Hu, Agustin M. Ibanez · 2023 to 2026
$3.0MAlzheimer's Association SG-20-725707John E. Fogarty Foundation for Persons with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities R01AG083799NIA NIH HHS P01 AG019724NIA NIH HHS P30 AG062422NIA NIH HHS R01 AG057234NIA NIH HHS R01 AG075775NIA NIH HHS R01 AG083799NIDA NIH HHS 75N95022C00031
Abstract
Brain clocks, which quantify discrepancies between brain age and chronological age, hold promise for understanding brain health and disease. However, the impact of diversity (including geographical, socioeconomic, sociodemographic, sex and neurodegeneration) on the brain-age gap is unknown. We analyzed datasets from 5,306 participants across 15 countries (7 Latin American and Caribbean countries (LAC) and 8 non-LAC countries). Based on higher-order interactions, we developed a brain-age gap deep learning architecture for functional magnetic resonance imaging (2,953) and electroencephalography (2,353). The datasets comprised healthy controls and individuals with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. LAC models evidenced older brain ages (functional magnetic resonance imaging: mean directional error = 5.60, root mean square error (r.m.s.e.) = 11.91; electroencephalography: mean directional error = 5.34, r.m.s.e. = 9.82) associated with frontoposterior networks compared with non-LAC models. Structural socioeconomic inequality, pollution and health disparities were influential predictors of increased brain-age gaps, especially in LAC (R² = 0.37, F² = 0.59, r.m.s.e. = 6.9). An ascending brain-age gap from healthy controls to mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease was found. In LAC, we observed larger brain-age gaps in females in control and Alzheimer disease groups compared with the respective males. The results were not explained by variations in signal quality, demographics or acquisition methods. These findings provide a quantitative framework capturing the diversity of accelerated brain aging.
Indexed as
AgingBrainDementiaMagnetic Resonance ImagingAgedAged, 80 and overAlzheimer DiseaseCognitive DysfunctionElectroencephalographyFemaleHealth Status DisparitiesHumansMaleMiddle AgedSocioeconomic Factors
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