ArticleJournal of extracellular biology2024
Orthogonal analysis reveals inconsistencies in cargo loading of extracellular vesicles.
Article in Journal of extracellular biology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Breaking barriers in peritoneal fibrosis: extracellular vesicles as promising diagnostic and therapeutic strategy.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Smart drug delivery systems for immunotherapeutic agents: focus on biological/biogenic platform-based intelligent delivery in cancer immunotherapy.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Epigenetic Insights and Exosome-Based Therapeutics for Insomnia: Bridging Sleep Biology and Precision Medicine.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- From bacterial to microbiome-derived vesicles: genome-informed identity, source qualification, and translational quality for skin-directed cosmetics.Genes & genomics · 2026Review
- Platelet-rich fibrin-derived extracellular vesicles: emerging biological mediators in periodontal regeneration.Odontology · 2026Review
- Recent Advances on Extracellular Vesicles: A Natural Nanomaterial for Biomedical Application.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The Mechanistic Review of the Molecular Interface of RNA-Loaded Extracellular Vesicles: Redefining Targeted Therapy for Autoimmune Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Plant-Derived Nanovesicles: A Comprehensive Review from Isolation to Clinical Translation-Unlocking Natural Nanocarriers for Biomedical Applications.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Beyond Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Hype: Practical Solutions and Remaining Hurdles in EV Research, Manufacturing, and Clinical Translation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Unraveling the Heterogeneity of Cargo Distribution in the Exogenous Association of Proteins With Extracellular Vesicles.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Engineering Optimized EV-Mimetic Carriers for Efficient Tumor-Targeted Delivery of Functional RNA Nanoparticles.ACS nano medicine · 2026Article
- Loading of therapeutic cell penetrating peptides into extracellular vesicles for pulmonary fibrosis.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2026Article
- Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Oral Wound Healing.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The role and prospects of extracellular vesicles in advanced drug and vaccine delivery.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Unveiling Heterogeneity: Innovations and Challenges in Single-Vesicle Analysis for Clinical Translation.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Emerging technologies towards extracellular vesicles large-scale production.Bioactive materials · 2025Review
- Dual-Functionalized Extracellular Vesicles Promote Brain Repair and Remodeling Following Ischemic Stroke in Mice.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Article
- Efficient dispersion of aggregated extracellular vesicles: a comparative study of water-bath sonication and regular pipetting.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Extracellular Vesicle-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Comparative study on drug encapsulation and release kinetics in extracellular vesicles loaded with snake venom L - amino acid oxidase.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Since extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising drug delivery system, diverse methods have been used to load them with active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in preclinical and clinical studies. However, there is yet to be an engineered EV formulation approved for human use, a barrier driven in part by the intrinsic heterogeneity of EVs. API loading is rarely assessed in the context of single vesicle measurements of physicochemical properties but is likely administered in a heterogeneous fashion to the detriment of a consistent product. Here, we applied a suite of single-particle resolution methods to determine the loading of rhodamine 6G (R6G) surrogate cargo mimicking hydrophilic small molecule drugs across four common API loading methods: sonication, electroporation, freeze-thaw cycling and passive incubation. Loading efficiencies and alterations in the physical properties of EVs were assessed, as well as co-localization with common EV-associated tetraspanins (i.e., CD63, CD81 and CD9) for insight into EV subpopulations. Sonication had the highest loading efficiency, yet significantly decreased particle yield, while electroporation led to the greatest number of loaded API particles, albeit at a lower efficiency. Moreover, results were often inconsistent between repeated runs within a given method, demonstrating the difficulty in developing a rigorous loading method that consistently loaded EVs across their heterogeneous subpopulations. This work highlights the significance of how chosen quantification metrics can impact apparent conclusions and the importance of single-particle characterization of EV loading.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.