The Clinical, Radiological and Genetic Spectrum of

Background: Despite being the second most common type of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, there is limited literature on Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study on patients with pathogenic/likely pathogenic Results: We identified 26 patients (22 families, 15 males) of genetically-confirmed PLAN with a median age of 22.5 years and age at onset of 13.0 years, encompassing various subtypes: infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (5/26;19.2%), atypical neuroaxonal dystrophy (3/26;11.5%), dystonia-parkinsonism (5/26;19.2%), dystonia-parkinsonism-myoclonus (n = 4, 15.38%), early-onset Parkinson's disease (2/26;7.7%), complex dystonia (2/26;7.7%), and complicated hereditary spastic paraparesis (cHSP; 5/26;19.2%). The common initial symptoms included walking difficulty (7/26;26.9%), developmental regression (6/26;23.1%), and slowness (4/26;15.4%). Dystonia (14/26;53.8%), followed by parkinsonism (11/26; 42.3%), was the most common motor symptom. Non-motor symptoms included cognitive decline (12/26;46.2%) and behavioral changes (6/26;23.1%). Neuroimaging revealed cerebellar atrophy in 23/26 (88.5%) patients and claval hypertrophy in 80% (4/5) of INAD patients. Levodopa responsiveness was noted in 12 of 14 patients with parkinsonism/dystonia who received levodopa, and dyskinesia was noted in 10/11 patients. Genetic analysis revealed a total of 19 unique variants in Conclusions: The study introduces 26 new patients of PLAN and 12 patients associated with the c.2222G>A variant, potentially forming the most extensive single center series to date. It also expands the phenotypic, neuroimaging, and genotypic spectrum of PLAN.