ArticleBiomarker research2024
Global burden of breast cancer and attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.
Article in Biomarker research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 84 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Comparative Efficacy of Different Exercise Therapies for Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-analysis.Sports medicine - open · 2025Pooled it
- Evaluating the effects of e-health interventions on mental health outcomes in individuals with breast cancer: A systematic review.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Inflammatory Potential of Diet and Breast Cancer Risk: A Population-Based Case-Control Study.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Association Between Sleep Disorders and Breast Cancer: An Analysis Based on NHANES and Mendelian Randomization.World journal of oncology · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of female breast cancer burden in China along the global sociodemographic gradient: risk attribution, decomposition, and age-period-cohort evidence from GBD 2021.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Attributable breast cancer burden in Malaysia: mammographic density, lifestyle, and hereditary factors.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2026Article
- Breast cancer mortality in Argentina, 1991-2023: a nationwide ecological study of spatiotemporal patterns and regional inequalities.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national tuberculosis burden associated with six suboptimal dietary exposures from 1990 to 2021: a comparative risk assessment based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Adherence to planetary health diet and breast cancer risk: insights from a large case-control study in a low-and middle-income country setting.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Global patterns and risk factors of breast cancer in women under 35: a population-based study.Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2026Article
- Global burden of breast cancer and its association with red meat consumption: spatiotemporal trends, projections, and triangulation of evidence.World journal of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Gut Dysbiosis Serine-Glycine Metabolism and Glioblastoma: Exploring Therapeutic Opportunities.Cancers · 2026Review
- Article
- Quality of Life in Slovak Breast Cancer Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Study Using EORTC QLQ-C30 and BR23.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2026Article
- Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated with Increased Plasma Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Survivors: Implications for Therapy and Diagnosis.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2026Article
- Machine Learning Model to Predict Postmastectomy Breast Reconstruction Complications.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Bugs as drugs: parasite biomolecules as novel therapeutics against breast cancer.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2026Review
- Breast Cancer Screening in Tunisia: A Cross-Sectional Study on Women's Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2026Article
- Global burden and trends of breast cancer: GLOBOCAN 2022 estimates of incidence and mortality in 185 countries.Chinese medical journal · 2026Article
- Association of radiotherapy with atrial fibrillation-related gene expression in breast cancer patients: a study based on the TCGA-BRCA database.Discover oncology · 2026Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectiveBreast cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among women worldwide. This study aimed to assess the global burden of breast cancer and identify attributable risk factors across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021.
methodsUsing data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, we analyzed the incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and risk factors associated with breast cancer. We obtained and analyzed the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized death rate (ASDR), and age-standardized DALYs rate from 1990 to 2021. We assessed geographical variations and the impact of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) using regression analysis and stratification by SDI quintiles. Additionally, we estimated the risk factors attributable to breast cancer deaths and DALYs using the comparative risk assessment framework of the GBD study.
resultsGlobally, breast cancer incident cases increased from 875,657 in 1990 to 2,121,564 in 2021. The ASIR rose from 16.42 to 26.88 per 100,000 (95% CI: 1.54-1.60). High SDI regions showed the highest ASIR (66.89 per 100,000 in 2021), while Low SDI regions had the lowest (6.99 per 100,000 in 2021). The global ASDR decreased from 10.42 to 8.54 per 100,000, and the age-standardized DALYs rate decreased from 313.36 to 261.5 per 100,000 between 1990 and 2021. However, these improvements were not uniform across SDI regions. Risk factors included high body-mass index, alcohol use, tobacco, and high fasting plasma glucose, with variations across SDI regions.
conclusionThe global burden of breast cancer has increased significantly from 1990 to 2021, with disparities observed across SDI regions. While high SDI areas show improvements in mortality and DALYs, lower SDI regions face increasing burdens. Targeted interventions addressing modifiable risk factors and improving healthcare access in less developed regions are crucial for reducing the global impact of breast cancer.
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