Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39172258›Full record

ArticleSurgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA2024

Revisiting morphology of xiphoid process of the sternum in human: a comprehensive anatomical study.

Joe Iwanaga, Rarinthorn Samrid, Kierany B Shelvin, Juan J Cardona, Keishiro Kikuchi, Arada Chaiyamoon, Athikhun Suwannakhan, R Shane Tubbs

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Article in Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

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2citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Joe IwanagaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 131 S. Robertson St. Suite 1300, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. iwanagajoeca@gmail.com.
Rarinthorn SamridDepartment of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 131 S. Robertson St. Suite 1300, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
Kierany B ShelvinSchool of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Juan J CardonaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 131 S. Robertson St. Suite 1300, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
Keishiro KikuchiDepartment of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 131 S. Robertson St. Suite 1300, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
Arada ChaiyamoonDepartment of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, KhonKaen University, KhonKaen, Thailand.
Athikhun SuwannakhanDepartment of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
R Shane TubbsDepartment of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 131 S. Robertson St. Suite 1300, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe xiphoid process (XP) in animals such as sheep and rats are well known to have cartilage called xiphoidal cartilage (XC). In humans, the cartilage in the xiphoid process is considered an anatomical variant and is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphology of the XP.

methodsA total of twenty embalmed European descendant cadaveric sterna (aged 52 to 98 years) were used. Transilluminated XPs and midsagittal sections of XPs were used to examine the bone and cartilage. Subsequently, a sagittally-sectioned XP was harvested for histology and stained with Masson's trichrome. The results of the transillumination and histological examinations were compared qualitatively.

resultsThe dark area visible in transilluminated XPs was consistent with the bony part in the midsagittal XP sections, which contained bone marrow; the bright area was consistent with the cartilage part in the midsagittal XP sections. This was all demonstrated histologically. Most of the XPs (85%) had some portion of cartilage. The XP was classified into four types based on its proportions of bone and cartilage: Type I, no ossification (< 1/3 ossification) 45%; Type II, minor ossification (1/3 - 1/2 ossification) 20%; Type III, major ossification (1/2-2/3 ossification) 20%; Type IV, complete ossification (> 2/3 ossification) 15%. Most of the XPs (85%) had bone and cartilage, which could have been overlooked in studies using skeletons or CT.

conclusionPrevious studies probably underestimated or overestimated the size of the XP. The XC needs to be considered as normal anatomy.

Indexed as

Anatomic VariationCadaverSternumXiphoid BoneAgedAged, 80 and overCartilageFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedBoneCadaverCartilageSternumXiphoid process

Identifiers

PMID39172258

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.