ArticleThe Lancet regional health. Europe2024
Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in immune checkpoint inhibitor-related encephalitis: a retrospective cohort study.
Article in The Lancet regional health. Europe, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Antibody-positive paraneoplastic neurological syndromes associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review.Journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor neurotoxicity: long-term outcomes with focus on 1-year neurological sequelae.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Clinical Features and Biomarkers Associated With Intensive Care-Dependent Refractory NMDAR Encephalitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Antibody-Negative Nivolumab-Induced Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Case Report and Review of Seronegative Presentations.Cureus · 2026Article
- Neurotoxicity of Immunotherapy: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Encephalitis vs. Immune Effector Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome.World journal of oncology · 2026Review
- Myasthenia gravis with thymoma-associated CRMP5/CV2 antibody-positive paraneoplastic neurological syndrome: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Neuroglial markers of damage in autoimmune neurology.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Review
- Article
- Movement Disorders in Antibody-Associated Neurologic Diseases: A Nationwide Study.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Observational
- Life-threatening immune-related adverse events in the intensive care unit: a narrative review.Intensive care medicine · 2025Review
- Therapeutic application of EUS-guided intraportal autologous bone marrow transplantation for decompensated liver cirrhosis.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
- Neurological immune-related adverse events with checkpoint inhibitor therapy: challenges for the neurologist.Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry · 2025Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Trigger and Exacerbate Anti-CV2/CRMP5 Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Neuroimaging features of immune-related adverse events due to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.Insights into imaging · 2025Article
- Imaging of brain metastases treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.Immunotherapy · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Baseline neuronal antibodies in patients with small cell lung cancer are not necessarily associated with post-immune checkpoint inhibitors neurotoxicities.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Clinical and tumor features of patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor-related neurological disorders and anti-Yo antibodies.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2025Article
- In the era of targeted therapy and immunotherapy: advances in the treatment of large B-cell lymphoma of immune-privileged sites.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
27 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related encephalitis (ICI-encephalitis) is not well characterised and diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are lacking. We aimed to comprehensively characterise ICI-encephalitis and identify diagnostic biomarkers and outcome predictors. Methods: This retrospective observational study included all patients with ICI-encephalitis studied in the French Reference Centre on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes (PNS) and Autoimmune Encephalitis (2015-2023). ICI encephalitis was considered definite in case of inflammatory findings at paraclinical tests and/or well-characterised neural antibodies. Predictors of immune-related adverse event (irAE) treatment response, defined as a Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v5.0 grade < 3 at any time after therapeutic intervention, were assessed by logistic regression analysis, and predictors of mortality by Cox regression analysis. Neurofilament light chain (NfL) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Findings: Sixty-seven patients with definite encephalitis were identified (median age, 69 years; 66% male). A focal syndrome was observed in 43/67 patients (64%; limbic encephalitis, cerebellar ataxia, and/or brainstem encephalitis), while 24/67 (36%) had meningoencephalitis, a non-focal syndrome with altered mental status (22/24 patients, 92%) and pleocytosis (24/24 patients, 100%). Patients with focal encephalitis more frequently had abnormal brain MRI (26/42, 62% Interpretation: ICI-encephalitis corresponds to a set of clinically-recognisable syndromes. Patients with focal encephalitis, PNS-related antibodies, and/or higher serum NfL have low irAE treatment response rates. Research is needed on the underlying immunopathogenesis to foster therapeutic innovations. Funding: Agence Nationale de la Recherche.
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