ReviewJournal of neuroinflammation2024
The contribution of tumor necrosis factor to multiple sclerosis: a possible role in progression independent of relapse?
Review in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Association Between TNF-Alpha Levels and Atrial Fibrillation Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/HemostasisPooled it
- Effects of thoracic manipulation with trigger point therapy on inflammatory cytokine levels in individuals with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2026Trial
- Anti-TNF-Alpha Associated Central Nervous System Demyelination. Drug-Induced Demyelination or Multiple Sclerosis Trigger? A Case Series.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- CSF Cytokine Network Organization Predicts Progression Independent of Relapse and MRI Activity in Multiple Sclerosis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Immunocyte phenotypes underlying the causal autoimmune features in narcolepsy type 1.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Review
- 25+ Years of TRPV4: From Discovery to Translational Horizons.Research square · 2026Article
- Impact of Anti-CD20 Therapies on Cytokine, Chemokine and Adhesion Molecule Dynamics in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review.Neurology and therapy · 2026Review
- Circulating Proinflammatory Cytokines and Soluble Cytokine Receptors as Diagnostic Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Allogeneic MHC-mismatched microglia-like cell replacement as a therapeutic approach for multiple sclerosis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Modulation of the immunological and neuroinflammatory microenvironment in older people with multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- T Helper Cells and Cytokine Networks in the Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Review
- Assessing Peripheral Blood Biomarkers and Predictive Patterns in Multiple Sclerosis Using Cytokines and Immune Gene Expression Profiles in Ocrelizumab-Treated Patients: Tracking Tumor Necrosis Factor.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Global burden of TNF-α inhibitors associated demyelinating diseases: A global disproportionality analysis.Medicine · 2025Observational
- Glial Cytokine and Metabolic Networks in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: From Pathophysiology to Biomarkers and Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: New Therapeutic Approaches.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2025Review
- Neuroprotective strategies in multiple sclerosis: a status update and emerging paradigms.Expert review of neurotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Targeting the double-edged sword: cytokines in the pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune diseases.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Review
- Multi-omic biomarkers associated with multiple sclerosis: from Mendelian randomization to drug prediction.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A Window into New Insights on Progression Independent of Relapse Activity in Multiple Sclerosis: Role of Therapies and Current Perspective.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine regulating many physiological and pathological immune-mediated processes. Specifically, it has been recognized as an essential pro-inflammatory cytokine implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis and progression. MS is a chronic immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system, characterized by multifocal acute and chronic inflammatory demyelination in white and grey matter, along with neuroaxonal loss. A recent concept in the field of MS research is disability resulting from Progression Independent of Relapse Activity (PIRA). PIRA recognizes that disability accumulation since the early phase of the disease can occur independently of relapse activity overcoming the traditional dualistic view of MS as either a relapsing-inflammatory or a progressive-neurodegenerative disease. Several studies have demonstrated an upregulation in TNF expression in both acute and chronic active MS brain lesions. Additionally, elevated TNF levels have been observed in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients. TNF appears to play a significant role in maintaining chronic intrathecal inflammation, promoting axonal damage neurodegeneration, and consequently contributing to disease progression and disability accumulation. In summary, this review highlights the current understanding of TNF and its receptors in MS progression, specifically focusing on the relatively unexplored PIRA condition. Further research in this area holds promise for potential therapeutic interventions targeting TNF to mitigate disability in MS patients.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.