ReviewJournal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research2024
Causal inference in health and disease: a review of the principles and applications of Mendelian randomization.
Review in Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Environmental exposures in autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a priority-based evidence map, immune-mechanism integration audit and research agenda.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Circulating inflammatory proteins associated with risks of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder: a mendelian randomization study.Translational psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Review
- Identification of CA2 as a potential candidate gene involved in the therapeutic effect of Huatan Huoxue decoction on polycystic ovary syndrome: An integrated study of network pharmacology, Mendelian randomization, and experimental validation.Journal of food and drug analysis · 2026Article
- Multi-omics integration identifiesTranslational andrology and urology · 2026Article
- Examining the role of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the pathophysiology of carpal tunnel syndrome: a Mendelian randomization study.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Triphala Targets the SLC7A11-GSH-GPX4 Axis to Trigger Ferroptosis in Oral Cancer: An Integrated Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Experimental Validation Study.Chemical biology & drug design · 2026Article
- Genetic analysis of imaging-derived phenotypes.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026Review
- Hyperthyroidism Is Genetically Associated With Reduced Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Article
- Inferring genetic associations of programmed cell death genes with retinitis pigmentosa through multimodal Mendelian randomization.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Unraveling the inflammatory bridge: genomic evidence identifies TNFRSF9 as a potential biomarker linking Sjögren's syndrome to total risk non-Hodgkin lymphoma.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Article
- Influence of inflammatory and metabolic factors on keratoconus risk: a causal inference analysis.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Comparison of two-stage methods for count data in Mendelian randomization: a simulation study.Journal of comparative effectiveness research · 2026Article
- Mendelian randomization reveals DNA methylation-related pyroptosis genes associated with psoriasis risk.Clinical epigenetics · 2026Article
- Genetic Evidence for Causal Effects of Blood Metabolites on Age-Related Macular Degeneration and its Subtypes.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Article
- Genetic evidence links alcohol, coffee, cheese, and anxiety to GERD risk: A Mendelian randomization study.Medicine · 2026Article
- Circulating sex steroids do not influence risk of thyroid malignancy: insights from a bidirectional Mendelian randomization.Gland surgery · 2026Article
- Multi-omics analysis identifies NFIL3 as a hypoxia-associated immune regulator in septic cardiomyopathy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Mendelian randomization (MR) is a genetic epidemiological technique that uses genetic variation to infer causal relationships between modifiable exposures and outcome variables. Conventional observational epidemiological studies are subject to bias from a range of sources; MR analyses can offer an advantage in that they are less prone to bias as they use genetic variants inherited at conception as "instrumental variables", which are proxies of an exposure. However, as with all research tools, MR studies must be carefully designed to yield valuable insights into causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, and to avoid biased or misleading results that undermine the validity of the causal inferences drawn from the study. In this review, we outline Mendel's laws of inheritance, the assumptions and principles that underlie MR, MR study designs and methods, and how MR analyses can be applied and reported. Using the example of serum phosphate concentrations on liability to kidney stone disease we illustrate how MR estimates may be visualized and, finally, we contextualize MR in bone and mineral research including exemplifying how this technique could be employed to inform clinical studies and future guidelines concerning BMD and fracture risk. This review provides a framework to enhance understanding of how MR may be used to triangulate evidence and progress research in bone and mineral metabolism as we strive to infer causal effects in health and disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.