Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2024
Diet order significantly affects energy balance for diets varying in macronutrients but not ultraprocessing in crossover studies without a washout period.
Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 6 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Ultra Processed Versus Unprocessed Diets on Energy Intake
Effect of Low Fat Versus Low Carbohydrate Diets on Energy Metabolism
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Ultraprocessed or minimally processed diets following healthy dietary guidelines on weight and cardiometabolic health: a randomized, crossover trial.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- A bedside-to-outside model of human nutrition research.Cell metabolism · 2026Review
- Concern for the validity of short-term dietary crossover trials.Nature medicine · 2025Article
- Reply to: Concern for the validity of short-term dietary crossover trials.Nature medicine · 2025Article
- Reply to DS Ludwig et al.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Article
- Physiologic Adaptation to Macronutrient Change Distorts Findings from Short Dietary Trials: Reanalysis of a Metabolic Ward Study.The Journal of nutrition · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCrossover studies can induce order effects, especially when they lack a washout period.
objectivesWe performed secondary analyses comparing groups of subjects randomly assigned to different diet orders in 2 inpatient crossover studies originally designed to compare within-subject differences in ad libitum energy intake. One study compared minimally processed low-carbohydrate (LC) compared with low-fat (LF) diets, and the other matched macronutrients and compared minimally processed food (MPF) with ultraprocessed food (UPF) diets.
methodsDiet order group comparisons of changes in body weight and body composition, and differences in energy expenditure and food intake were assessed over 4 wk in 20 adults randomly assigned to either the LC followed immediately by the LF diet (LC → LF) or the opposite order (LF → LC), and 20 adults randomly assigned to either the MPF followed by the UPF (MPF → UPF) diets or the opposite order (UPF → MPF).
resultsSubjects randomly assigned to LC → LF lost 2.9 ± 1.1 kg more body weight (P <0.001) and 1.5 ± 0.6 kg more body fat (P = 0.03) than the LF → LC group, likely because the LC → LF group consumed 921 ± 304 kcal/d less than the LF → LC group (P = 0.003). These energy intake differences were driven by the last 2 wk (-1610 ± 312 kcal/d; P < 0.0001), perhaps because of carryover effects of gut adaptations during the first 2 wk arising from large differences in the mass of food (1296 ± 215 g/d; P <0.00001) and fiber consumed (58 ± 6 g/d; P <0.00001). There were no significant diet order effects on energy intake, body weight, or body composition changes between UPF → MPF and MPF → UPF groups.
conclusionsDiet order significantly affected energy intake, body weight, and body fat in a 4-wk crossover inpatient diet study varying in macronutrients, but not in a similarly structured study varying in ultraprocessed foods. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03407053 and NCT03878108.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.