Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39162275›Full record

ReviewInfectious disorders drug targets2025

A Review of the Difficulties Faced by Low and Middle-income Countries in Hygiene and Healthcare Practices.

Jashan Girdhar, Kapil Shandilya, Munnawar Husaain, Parneet Kaur, Shushank Mahajan, Tarun Singh, Isha Chawla, Meenakshi Dhanawat

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Infectious disorders drug targets, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Jashan GirdharGuru Ram Rai University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dehradoon, India.
Kapil ShandilyaM M College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be) University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India.
Munnawar HusaainM M College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be) University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India.
Parneet KaurM M College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be) University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India.
Shushank MahajanM M College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be) University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India.
Tarun SinghM M College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be) University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India.
Isha ChawlaM M College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be) University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India.
Meenakshi DhanawatAmity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Panchgaon, Manesar, Gurugram, Haryana, 122413, India.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Hygiene has been identified as an important step in anticipating health-related pollution, with conflicting reports about consistent sanitation standards in the nation. This narrative review of published studies has led to the discussion of hand hygiene and health practices, as well as the identification of necessary methods that are available in low and middle-income countries. An effective survey of accessible information is conducted in this way based on review questions. A number of 372 articles were found on the web, and 32 articles were used in the final analysis. Overall, the standard of hand hygiene is set at 20.49%. Difficulties identified for the people in low or middle-income countries are poor awareness and sound information about hand hygiene, lack of resources including water, soap, hand scrubbing gel, etc., as misinterpretations related to hand hygiene practices. People are paying more attention to healthcare-related illnesses as it becomes increasingly clear that most of them may be prevented. The free evidence-based practice states that to lower the danger of contamination, hand hygiene should be properly adhered to. The difficulties recognized in this review are reliable, with the discoveries of studies that have been led somewhere else. By conducting a basic examination of the "Clean Care is Safer Care" as an excellent arrangement of WHO's global initiative activity on patient well-being programs, developing nations will have more time to consider the essential approaches for the use of fundamental disease prevention exercises in our health care settings.

Indexed as

Developing CountriesHand HygieneHygieneInfection ControlHand DisinfectionHumanscontrolHand hygienehand scrubbing gel.hand washinginfection prevention

Identifiers

PMID39162275

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.