ArticleJournal of anatomy2024
Sexual dimorphism and allometry in human scapula shape.
Article in Journal of anatomy, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Determination of inter-individual differences in humeral head centre translations in subjects with healthy shoulders.Royal Society open science · 2026Article
- Sex-associated differences in deltoid and rotator cuff muscle elongation after reverse shoulder arthroplasty.Journal of shoulder and elbow arthroplasty · 2026Article
- Population-specific statistical shape modeling of the Japanese shoulder: a combined analysis of the scapula and humerus stratified by sex and stature.JSES international · 2026Article
- Quantifying dynamic muscle lengths and moment arms of musculoskeletal joints using FEBio studio: A demonstration in the glenohumeral joint.Journal of biomechanics · 2026Article
- The stabilizing potential of the supraspinatus is inhibited in tear-associated scapula shapes but can be modulated by kinematic adjustments.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Sexual dimorphism and allometry in human scapula shape.Journal of anatomy · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Scapula shape is highly variable across humans and appears to be sexually dimorphic-differing significantly between biological males and females. However, previous investigations of sexual dimorphism in scapula shape have not considered the effects of allometry (the relationship between size and shape). Disentangling allometry from sexual dimorphism is necessary because apparent sex-based differences in shape could be due to inherent differences in body size. This study aimed to investigate sexual dimorphism in scapula shape and examine the role of allometry in sex-based variation. We used three-dimensional geometric morphometrics with Procrustes ANOVA to quantify scapula shape variation associated with sex and size in 125 scapulae. Scapula shape significantly differed between males and females, and males tended to have larger scapulae than females for the same body height. We found that males and females exhibited distinct allometric relationships, and sexually dimorphic shape changes did not align with male- or female-specific allometry. A secondary test revealed that sexual dimorphism in scapula shape persisted between males and females of similar body heights. Overall, our findings indicate that there are sex-based differences in scapula shape that cannot be attributed to size-shape relationships. Our results shed light on the potential role of sexual selection in human shoulder evolution, present new hypotheses for biomechanical differences in shoulder function between sexes, and identify relevant traits for improving sex classification accuracy in forensic analyses.
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Registered trials
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