Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39158989›Full record

ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2025

Association of Weather Variables With Pathogens Contributing to Conjunctivitis Worldwide.

Daisy Yan, N Venkatesh Prajna, Prajna Lalitha, Wiwan Sansanayudh, Vannarut Satitpitakul, Wipada Laovirojjanakul, Meenu Chaudhary, Mamadou Bountogo, Ali Sie, Boubacar Coulibaly and 27 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Association between Weather Variables and Viral Gastroenteritis in the United States.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026
    Article
  3. Uncommon pathogen, common activity:Frontiers in public health · 2026
    Article
  4. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

37 authors.

Daisy YanFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
N Venkatesh PrajnaAravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India.
Prajna LalithaAravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India.
Wiwan SansanayudhDepartment of Ophthalmology, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
Vannarut SatitpitakulCenter of Excellence for Cornea and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Wipada LaovirojjanakulDepartment of Ophthalmology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
Meenu ChaudharyB.P. Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Mamadou BountogoNouna Health Research Center (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso.
Ali SieNouna Health Research Center (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso.
Boubacar CoulibalyNouna Health Research Center (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso.
Abdou AmzaProgramme Nationale de Santé Oculaire, Niamey, Niger.
Beido NassirouProgramme Nationale de Santé Oculaire, Niamey, Niger.
Ibrahim AlmouProgramme Nationale de Santé Oculaire, Niamey, Niger.
Huy TranHai Yen Vision Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Yen TranHai Yen Vision Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Edmund TsuiOcular Inflammatory Disease Center, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA.
Tania OnclinxDepartment of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Ruti SellaFaculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Lee GorenDepartment of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petha-Tikva, Israel.
Esmeralda McCleanShiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
Vivien ThamDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
Cindi ChenFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Kevin OuimetteFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Lina ZhongFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
YuHeng LiuFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Danny YuFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Thomas AbrahamFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Elodie LebasFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Benjamin F ArnoldFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Stephen D McLeodFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Michael S DeinerDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Travis C PorcoFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Gerami D SeitzmanFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Thomas M LietmanFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Jessica ShanthaFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Armin HinterwirthFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Thuy DoanFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2733-8370

Funding

Rapid-Prototyping and Design CoreP30EY002162 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI ULLIAN, ERIK M · 1985 to 2024
$16.8M
UCSF-Proctor Clinician Vision Scholars K12 ProgramK12EY031372 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI THOMAS M LIETMAN, Yvonne Ou · 2020 to 2026
$3.9M
Seasonal Conjunctivitis Outbreak Reporting for Prevention and Improved Outcomes (SCORPIO)R01EY032041 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI DOAN, THUY A · 2021 to 2025
$2.0M
NEI NIH HHS K12 EY031372NEI NIH HHS P30 EY002162NEI NIH HHS R01 EY032041NIH HHS
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeTo identify weather variables associated with pathogens contributing to infectious conjunctivitis globally.

methodsSample collection and pathogen identification from patients with acute infectious conjunctivitis was performed from 2017 to 2023. We linked pathogens identified from 13 sites across 8 countries with publicly available weather data by geographic coordinates. Mixed effects logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the associations between temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity exposures, and the prevalence of infection types (RNA virus, DNA virus, bacteria, and fungus).

resultsIn total, 498 cases from the United States, India, Nepal, Thailand, Burkina Faso, Niger, Vietnam, and Israel were included in the analysis. The 8-day average precipitation (mm) was associated with increased odds of RNA virus infection (odds ratio [OR] = 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12 to 1.93, P = .01) and decreased odds of DNA infection (OR = 0.62, 95% CI: .46 to .82, P < .001). Relative humidity (%) was associated with increased odds of RNA virus infections (OR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.51 to 4.61, P < .001), and fungal infections (OR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.19 to 4.66, P = .01), but decreased odds of DNA virus (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: .37 to .90, P = .02) and bacterial infections (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: .25 to .71, P < .001). Temperature (°C) was not associated with ocular infections for any pathogen type.

conclusionsThis study suggests that weather factors affect pathogens differently. Particularly, humidity and precipitation were predictors for pathogens contributing to conjunctivitis worldwide. Additional work is needed to clarify the effects of shifts in weather and environmental factors on ocular infectious diseases.

Indexed as

ConjunctivitisWeatherAdultChild, PreschoolDNA VirusesFemaleFungiGlobal HealthHumansHumidityMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceRNA VirusesTemperatureconjunctivitisfungal infectionhumidityprecipitationSCORPIOtemperature

Identifiers

PMID39158989
PMCPMC11912971

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.