Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39158165›Full record

ArticleArthritis care & research2025

Long-Term Mortality Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Rural Versus Urban Dwellers With Autoimmune or Inflammatory Rheumatic Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis From the National COVID Cohort Collaborative.

A Jerrod Anzalone, Lesley E Jackson, Namrata Singh, Maria I Danila, Elizabeth Reisher, Rena C Patel, Jasvinder A Singh, National COVID Cohort Collaborative Consortium

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Arthritis care & research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

A Jerrod AnzaloneUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha.ORCID 0000-0002-3212-7845
Lesley E JacksonUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham.ORCID 0000-0002-9373-7620
Namrata SinghUniversity of Washington, Seattle.
Maria I DanilaUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Birmingham, Alabama.ORCID 0000-0001-9246-6200
Elizabeth ReisherUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha.ORCID 0000-0003-1633-1229
Rena C PatelUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham.
Jasvinder A SinghUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.ORCID 0000-0003-3485-0006
National COVID Cohort Collaborative Consortium

Funding

Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (VICTR) -Identifying correlates of functional immunity in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasmaUL1TR002243 · NCATS · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI Paul A. Harris, Wesley H Self · 2017 to 2026
$130.7M
University of Pittsburgh Clinical and Translational Science InstituteUL1TR001857 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI REIS, STEVEN E · 2016 to 2025
$129.3M
UCLA Clinical Translational Science InstituteUL1TR001881 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ARLEEN F. BROWN, ARASH NAEIM · 2016 to 2026
$118.1M
Clinical and Translational Science InstituteUL1TR001872 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI COLLARD, HAROLD R, JACOBY, VANESSA · 2016 to 2025
$112.1M
Project-005UL1TR001445 · NCATS · NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI BREDELLA, MIRIAM ANTOINETTE, HOCHMAN, JUDITH S · 2015 to 2025
$103.5M
Yale Clinical and Translational Science Award (U Component)UL1TR001863 · NCATS · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI John H. Krystal, LUCILA OHNO-MACHADO · 2016 to 2026
$102.9M
Phenotypic Diversity in COVID-19UL1TR001878 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI FITZGERALD, GARRET A · 2016 to 2025
$102.4M
Transform Dissemination and Implementation Science in CTSA ProgramsUL1TR002319 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI John K. Amory · 2017 to 2026
$100.0M
Clinical and Translational Science AwardUL1TR001873 · NCATS · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI REILLY, MUREDACH P · 2016 to 2025
$99.0M
WU INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCESUL1TR002345 · NCATS · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI William G. Powderly · 2017 to 2026
$97.8M
The Harvard Clinical and Translational Science CenterUL1TR002541 · NCATS · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI NADLER, LEE MARSHALL · 2018 to 2022
$93.0M
Implementing a Maternal health and PRegnancy Outcomes Vision for Everyone (IMPROVE)UL1TR002378 · NCATS · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI Andres J Garcia, Elizabeth O. Ofili · 2017 to 2026
$92.1M
Gates Foundation INV-018455National Institute on Aging - National Institutes of Health K23AR079588NCATS NIH HHS U24 TR002306NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001409NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001412NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001414NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001420NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001422NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001425NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001427NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001430NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001433NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001436NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001439NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001442NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001445NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001449NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001450NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001453NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001855NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001857NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001860NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001863NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001866NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001872NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001873NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001876NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001878NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001881NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001998NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002001NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002003NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002014NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002240NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002243NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002319NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002345NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002366NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002369NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002373NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002377NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002378NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002384NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002389NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002489NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002494NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002529NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002535NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002537NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002538NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002541NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002544NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002548NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002550NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002553NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002556NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002645NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002649NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002733NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002736NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR003015NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR003017NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR003096NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR003098NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR003107NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR003142NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR003167NIAMS NIH HHS K23 AR079588NIA NIH HHS R03 AG082857NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM104938NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM104940NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM104941NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM104942NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM115371NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM115428NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM115458NIGMS NIH HHS U54GM115458NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM115516NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM115677NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM133807NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH131542U54GM104942-05S2
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveAutoimmune or inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIRDs) increase the risk for poor COVID-19 outcomes. Although rurality is associated with higher post-COVID-19 mortality in the general population, whether rurality elevates this risk among people with AIRD is unknown. We assessed associations between rurality and post-COVID-19 all-cause mortality, up to two years post infection, among people with AIRD using a large nationally sampled US cohort.

methodsThis retrospective study used the National COVID Cohort Collaborative, a medical records repository containing COVID-19 patient data. We included adults with two or more AIRD diagnostic codes and a COVID-19 diagnosis documented between April 2020 and March 2023. Rural residency was categorized using patient residential zip codes. We adjusted for AIRD medications and glucocorticoid prescription, age, sex, race and ethnicity, tobacco or substance use, comorbid burden, and SARS-CoV-2 variant-dominant periods. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards with inverse probability treatment weighting assessed associations between rurality and two-year all-cause mortality.

resultsAmong the 86,467 SARS-CoV-2-infected persons with AIRD, we observed a higher risk for two-year post-COVID-19 mortality in rural versus urban dwellers. Rural-residing persons with AIRD had higher two-year all-cause mortality risk (adjusted hazard ratio 1.24, 95% confidence interval 1.19-1.29). Glucocorticoid, immunosuppressive, and rituximab prescriptions were associated with a higher risk for two-year post-COVID-19 mortality, whereas risk with nonbiologic or biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs was lower.

conclusionRural residence in people with AIRD was independently associated with higher two-year post-COVID-19 mortality in a large US cohort after adjusting for background risk factors. Policymakers and health care providers should consider these findings when designing interventions to improve outcomes in people with AIRD following SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially among high-risk rural residents.

Indexed as

Autoimmune DiseasesCOVID-19Rheumatic DiseasesAdultAgedFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsRural PopulationSARS-CoV-2Time FactorsUnited StatesUrban Population

Identifiers

PMID39158165
PMCPMC11693476

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