ArticleEuropean journal of preventive cardiology2025
The relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and coronary artery calcification to cardiovascular disease events in CARDIA participants.
Article in European journal of preventive cardiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Joint non-linear dose-response associations of device-measured physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with cardiovascular disease: a cohort and Mendelian randomisation study.British journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- Dietary carbohydrate quality and fiber-rich food intake are associated with heart failure stages: the CARDIA study.Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD · 2026Article
- Masters Athletes With Abnormal Cardiovascular Findings: A Clinical Consensus Statement of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology of the ESC and the American College of Cardiology.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2026Article
- Masters athletes with abnormal cardiovascular findings: a clinical consensus statement of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology of the ESC and the American College of Cardiology.European heart journal · 2026Article
- Association of self-reported sports volume and discipline with atrial arrhythmia prevalence in middle-aged males.European heart journal open · 2026Article
- Observational
- Review
- Association between abdominal muscle mass measured by dual-source computed tomography and coronary artery calcification in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Trajectories of Physical Activity Before and After Cardiovascular Disease Events in CARDIA Participants.JAMA cardiology · 2025Article
- Income inequality and multimorbidity patterns in China: a micro-level analysis using CHARLS.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Individualised Empowerment in Secondary Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: A Qualitative Study.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingArticle
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Funding
Abstract
aimsModerate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and coronary artery calcification (CAC) are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. While a U-shaped relationship between CRF or MVPA and CAC has been reported, the presence of CAC among highly fit individuals might be benign. We examined interactive associations of CRF or MVPA and CAC with outcomes and evaluated the relationship of CRF and MVPA to CAC incidence. METHODS AND
resultsCARDIA participants with CAC assessed in 2005-06 were included (n = 3,141, mean age 45). MVPA was assessed by self-report and accelerometer. CRF was estimated with a maximal graded exercise test. Adjudicated CVD events and mortality data were obtained through 2019. CAC was reassessed in 2010-11. Cox models were constructed to assess hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), and mortality in groups defined by CAC presence/absence and lower/higher CRF or MVPA levels. Logistic models were constructed to assess associations with CAC incidence. Adjustment was made for sociodemographic and CVD risk factors. Relative to participants with no CAC and higher CRF, the adjusted HRs for CVD were 4.68 for CAC and higher CRF, 2.22 for no CAC and lower CRF, and 3.72 for CAC and lower CRF. For CHD, the respective HRs were 9.98, 2.28, and 5.52. For mortality, the HRs were 1.15, 1.58, and 3.14, respectively. Similar findings were observed when MVPA measured either by self-report or accelerometer was substituted for CRF. A robust inverse association of CRF and accelerometer-derived MVPA with CAC incidence was partly accounted for by adjusting for CVD risk factors.
conclusionIn middle-aged adults, CRF and MVPA demonstrated an inverse association with CAC incidence, but did not mitigate the increased cardiovascular risk associated with CAC, indicating that CAC is not benign in individuals with higher CRF or MVPA levels.
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