ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2024
Risk cycling in diabetes and autism spectrum disorder: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Causal Risk Factors for Type 1 Diabetes in Mendelian Randomization Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Review
- Parallel paths: A narrative review exploring autism and its co-occurring conditions.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: The relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains controversial. This study aimed to analyze the causal relationship between different types of DM and ASD by bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods: Single nucleotide polymorphisms for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and ASD were obtained from genome-wide association studies. Subsequently, inverse variance weighted, MR-Egger, and weighted median were used to test the exposure-outcome causality. Finally, MR-Egger's intercept, Cochran's Q, and leave-one-out method were used to assess horizontal pleiotropy, heterogeneity, and sensitivity of the results, respectively. Results: The positive analysis showed that T2DM was associated with an increased risk of ASD, whereas neither T1DM nor GDM was associated with the risk of ASD. The reverse analysis showed that ASD was associated with an increased risk of T2DM, while it was not associated with the risk of either T1DM or GDM. MR-Egger intercept showed no horizontal pleiotropy ( Conclusion: This MR analysis suggests that T2DM and ASD are reciprocal risk factors and that they may create an intergenerational risk cycling in female patients. Aggressive prevention and treatment of T2DM and ASD help to break the trap of this risk cycling. Additionally, this study does not support a causal relationship between T1DM and ASD, as well as GDM and ASD. And more studies are needed in the future to continue to explore the interactions and underlying mechanisms between different types of DM and ASD.
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