SynthesisBMC public health2024
Direct and indirect effects of economic sanctions on health: a systematic narrative literature review.
Synthesis in BMC public health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impact of COVID-19 on consumption patterns and healthcare expenditures in general dentistry and outpatient physician visits.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Advancing justice and sustainability through health system resilience under economic sanctions.Health policy and planning · 2026Article
- Sanctions and sovereignty: Venezuela's human health crisis.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Challenges and strategies for delivering effective breast cancer care in conflict zones.Communications medicine · 2026Review
- War, ethics, and market presence: policy shifts of global pharmaceutical companies in Russia following the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.BMC medical ethics · 2026Article
- Prioritizing Health in War and Conflict: The 2025 War in Iran and the Call for Global Peace.International journal of health policy and management · 2026Article
- Nuclear Medicine in IRAQ: From a Pioneering Past to Future Progress.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2026Review
- Maternal Folic Acid Supplementation and Neural Tube Defects in Northeast Iran: Insights for Developing Countries.Pediatric health, medicine and therapeutics · 2026Article
- Identification and prioritization of population health indices in Iranian population, a qualitative study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Health and Strategies for Mitigation: A Glance at the Case of Iran.International journal of preventive medicine · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEconomic sanctions are defined as restrictions imposed by other countries against individuals, groups, or governments of other countries. These sanctions have a detrimental impact on the economies of countries and can also limit access to healthcare services for people as a secondary consequence. This study aims to systematically review the literature to examine the direct and indirect effects of economic sanctions on health through a narrative synthesis.
methodsThis systematic literature review was limited to papers published between January 1990 and July 2023. Relevant documents published in English and Persian were searched for in databases including Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Irandoc. The direct and indirect effects of sanctions on health were classified using two frameworks proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO): the Health System Building Blocks and "Social Determinants of Health".
resultsOut of a total of 18,219 articles, 59 were selected based on inclusion criteria. The effects of sanctions were divided into direct and indirect groups. Direct effects encompassed seven main themes: access to essential medicine, medical products, vaccines and technologies; financing; health workforce; service delivery; research and health information systems; health outcomes; and financial risk protection. Indirect effects also were classified into six main themes: socioeconomic status; food and agricultural products; stress; early life conditions; high-risk behaviors and addiction; and transport. Most studies focused on the access to medicines, food, economic and social status.
conclusionsEconomic sanctions have had profoundly negative impacts on all aspects of the healthcare system. The international community must address these effects on health and take necessary measures to prevent or mitigate them, particularly in ensuring the provision of basic and essential healthcare needs for individuals and communities.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.