ArticleThe Lancet. Global health2024
Re-evaluating the impact and cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction in 112 low-income and middle-income countries in children younger than 5 years: a modelling study.
Article in The Lancet. Global health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Serotype-specific Immunity and Association With Pneumococcal Carriage Following 3+1, 3+0, and 2+1 Schedules of 10-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Targeted pneumococcal conjugate vaccination strategies for high-risk children.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Clinical and Economic Burden of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Children in Suriname: A Nationwide Cohort Study From a Middle-income Country in the Absence of a Pneumococcal Immunization Program.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2026Article
- From 10-Valent to 21-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines: Divergent Global Pathways and Future Directions for India.Indian pediatrics · 2026Review
- High-throughput antigen discovery using Functional Genomic Vaccinology (FGV) identifies protective Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine candidates.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Review
- Global immunisation planning and economic development potential: a panel data analysis for the macroeconomic impact of hepatitis B vaccination from 2000 to 2018.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Economic Evaluation of Pneumococcal Vaccination in Egypt: Cost-Effectiveness, Budget Impact, and Domestic Manufacturing Potential.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Evaluation of rotavirus, pneumococcal conjugate and human papillomavirus vaccination in four Pacific island countries: A cost-effectiveness modelling study.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Recent advancements in pediatric purulent meningitis: diagnosis and treatment.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2026Review
- Prevalence and serotype distribution of nasopharyngeal carriage ofThe Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Article
- Childhood necrotising pneumonia, empyema and complicated parapneumonic effusion secondary to community acquired pneumonia: report of 158 cases from a tertiary hospital in Egypt.Respiratory research · 2025Observational
- Comprehensive analysis of the Global Burden and epidemiological trends of meningitis from 1990 to 2021.Infection · 2025Article
- Economic Evaluation of Transitioning to the 20-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in the Dutch Paediatric National Immunisation Programme.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of pneumococcal disease among children and adolescents aged <20 years from 1990 to 2021: a predictive analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis among children, 1990-2021: An analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.PloS one · 2025Article
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7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStreptococcus pneumoniae has been estimated to cause 9·18 million cases of pneumococcal pneumonia, meningitis, and invasive non-pneumonia non-meningitis disease and 318 000 deaths among children younger than 5 years in 2015. We estimated the potential impact and cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introduction.
methodsWe updated our existing pseudodynamic model to estimate the impact of 13-valent PCV (PCV13) in 112 low-income and middle-income countries by adapting our previously published pseudodynamic model with new country-specific evidence on vaccine coverage, burden, and post-introduction vaccine impact from WHO-UNICEF estimates of national immunisation coverage and a global burden study. Deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and cases averted were estimated for children younger than 5 years born between 2000 and 2030. We used specific PCV coverage in each country and a hypothetical scenario in which coverage increased to diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) levels. We conducted probabilistic uncertainty analyses.
findingsUsing specific vaccine coverage in countries, we estimated that PCV13 could prevent 697 000 (95% credibility interval 359 000-1 040 000) deaths, 46·0 (24·0-68·9) million DALYs, and 131 (89·0-172) million cases in 112 countries between 2000 and 2030. PCV was estimated to prevent 5·3% of pneumococcal deaths in children younger than 5 years during 2000-30. The incremental cost of vaccination would be I$851 (510-1530) per DALY averted. If PCV coverage were increased to DTP coverage in 2020, PCV13 could prevent an additional 146 000 (75 500-219 000) deaths.
interpretationThe inclusion of real-world evidence from lower-income settings revealed that delays in PCV roll-out globally and low PCV coverage have cost many lives. Countries with delays in vaccine introduction or low vaccine coverage have experienced many PCV-preventable deaths. These findings underscore the importance of rapidly scaling up PCV to achieve high coverage and maximise vaccine impact.
fundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance.
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