ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2025
Variations in Volume: Breast Size in Trans Women in Relation to Timing of Testosterone Suppression.
Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Structural and sociodemographic determinants of BREAST-Q outcomes after gender-affirming breast augmentation in transgender women.JPRAS open · 2026Article
- Rapid review of gender-affirming healthcare for children and adolescents: Evidence synthesis (2021-2025) and recommendations for South Africa.Southern African journal of HIV medicine · 2026Review
- The Potential Health Risks and Benefits of Progesterone in the Transgender Woman Population-A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextBreast development is an important outcome for trans women receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). Limited breast development has been reported, possibly because of testosterone exposure during puberty. The impact of puberty suppression (PS) on breast development is unclear.
objectiveTo investigate the impact of PS and timing of PS prior to GAHT on breast volume and satisfaction.
methodsIn a cross-sectional study at a tertiary gender identity clinic, 60 trans women (aged 17-57 years) after 4.5 ± 1.7 years of GAHT were included, of whom 23 initiated PS early in puberty (Tanner stage G2-3), 17 late in puberty (Tanner stage G4-5), and 20 started GAHT in adulthood without prior PS. Breast volume was measured with a 3D scanner and breast satisfaction measured with a questionnaire. Comparisons of breast volumes were adjusted for fat percentage.
resultsMedian breast volume was 115 mL (IQR, 68; 203), ie, bra cup size < A. Breast volume was 47 mL (95% CI, -9; 104) larger in the late PS group compared to early PS but this difference was only 4 mL (95% CI, -67; 75) after correction for fat percentage. Breast volume in the adult group was comparable to the early and late PS groups (adult vs early PS 27 mL [95% CI, -28; 83] and adult vs late PS -20 mL [95% CI, -80; 40]). In total, 68% of subjects were satisfied with breast size (57% of early PS, 76% of late PS, and 70% of adult group).
conclusionEarly start of PS was not associated with larger breast volume, suggesting that pubertal testosterone exposure does not affect breast volume after subsequent GAHT. Despite limited breast size, most trans women were satisfied with their breast development.
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