The global burden and trend of Clostridioides difficile and its association with world antibiotic consumption, 1990-2019.

Background: To estimate the global trends and disease burden of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) and its correlation with worldwide antibiotic consumption. Methods: Clostridioides difficile infection and antibiotic consumption data were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease 2019, ResistanceMap-AntibiocUse, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System, and Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System. Jointpoint regression and age-period-cohort model were developed to show the global trends and burden of CDI. Correlation tests were calculated to explore the relationship between CDI and antibiotics. Results: Globally, CDI is the most significant one with a high-rocketing burden increase rate among 13 pathogens causing diarrheal deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The age-standardised death rate (ASDR) increased from 0.19 in 1990 to 0.43 in 2019, in which the elderly and females are at higher risk. A rapid increase in ASDR in high to middle sociodemographic index (SDI) regions such as North America (average annual percentage change (AAPC) = 7.71%), Andean (AAPC = 7.82%), and Southern Latin America (AAPC = 11.08%) was identified. Antibiotic consumption has a significant positive correlation with CDI with different risk stratifications. Conclusions: The global burden of CDI has continuously increased for the past 30 years, especially in high to middle-SDI regions. World antibiotic consumption showed a strong positive correlation with CDI with different risk stratification. More effective prevention and control measures should be implemented in these critical regions, with a specific emphasis on vulnerable populations, to mitigate the spread of epidemics.